I. Izimiso kanye Nezici Ezithonyayo Zokugaya Ukukhuphuka kanye Nokugaya Okuvamile Emishinini Yokugaya ye-CNC
(A) Izimiso kanye Nemithelela Ehlobene Yokugaya Ukukhuphuka
Ngesikhathi senqubo yomshini womshini wokugaya we-CNC, ukugaya ukugibela kuyindlela ethile yokugaya. Lapho isiqondiso sokuzungezisa sengxenye lapho i-milling cutter ithinta khona i-workpiece ifana nesiqondiso sokuphakelayo se-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuthi i-click milling. Le ndlela yokugaya ihlobene eduze nezici zesakhiwo somshini womshini wokugaya, ikakhulukazi imvume phakathi kwentongomane nesikulufu. Endabeni yokugaya umqansa, njengoba amandla engxenye yokugaya evundlile azoshintsha futhi kube khona imvume phakathi kwesikulufu namantongomane, lokhu kuzobangela ukuthi ithebula lokusebenza nesikulufu zihambe kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Lokhu kunyakaza kwezikhathi kuyinkinga ebalulekile ebhekene nokugaya izintaba, okwenza ukunyakaza kwetafula lokusebenza kungazinzi ngokwedlulele. Ukulimala kwethuluzi lokusika elibangelwa lokhu kunyakaza okungazinzile kusobala futhi kulula ukubangela umonakalo emazinyweni wethuluzi lokusika.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yomshini womshini wokugaya we-CNC, ukugaya ukugibela kuyindlela ethile yokugaya. Lapho isiqondiso sokuzungezisa sengxenye lapho i-milling cutter ithinta khona i-workpiece ifana nesiqondiso sokuphakelayo se-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuthi i-click milling. Le ndlela yokugaya ihlobene eduze nezici zesakhiwo somshini womshini wokugaya, ikakhulukazi imvume phakathi kwentongomane nesikulufu. Endabeni yokugaya umqansa, njengoba amandla engxenye yokugaya evundlile azoshintsha futhi kube khona imvume phakathi kwesikulufu namantongomane, lokhu kuzobangela ukuthi ithebula lokusebenza nesikulufu zihambe kwesokunxele nakwesokudla. Lokhu kunyakaza kwezikhathi kuyinkinga ebalulekile ebhekene nokugaya izintaba, okwenza ukunyakaza kwetafula lokusebenza kungazinzi ngokwedlulele. Ukulimala kwethuluzi lokusika elibangelwa lokhu kunyakaza okungazinzile kusobala futhi kulula ukubangela umonakalo emazinyweni wethuluzi lokusika.
Nokho, ukugaya umqansa nakho kunezinzuzo zako eziyingqayizivele. Isiqondiso samandla engxenye yokugaya eqondile ngesikhathi sokugaya ukucindezela ucezu lokusebenza kuthebula lokusebenza. Kulokhu, izenzakalo zokuslayida nokungqubuzana phakathi kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika kanye nendawo esebenza ngomshini zincane kakhulu. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokwenza imishini. Okokuqala, kunenzuzo ukunciphisa ukuguga kwamazinyo wethuluzi lokusika. Ukunciphisa ukuguga kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika kusho ukuthi impilo yesevisi yethuluzi lokusika inganwetshwa, ukunciphisa izindleko zomshini. Okwesibili, lokhu kungqubuzana okuncane kunganciphisa ukuqina komsebenzi. Ukuqina komsebenzi kuzokwandisa ubulukhuni bempahla yokusebenza, engahambisani nezinqubo zomshini ezilandelayo. Ukunciphisa ukuqina komsebenzi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomshini we-workpiece. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugaya okukhuphukayo nakho kunganciphisa ubulukhuni bobuso, kwenze ingaphezulu le-workpiece emshinini libe bushelelezi, okuzuzisa kakhulu ukwenza ama-workpieces anezidingo eziphezulu zekhwalithi ephezulu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokugaya umqansa kunemikhawulo ethile enemibandela. Lapho imvume phakathi kwesikulufu namantongomane ethebula lokusebenza ingalungiswa ibe ngaphansi kuka-0.03 mm, izinzuzo zokugaywa kokukhuphuka zingenziwa kangcono ngoba inkinga yokunyakaza ingalawulwa ngempumelelo ngalesi sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ugaya ama-workpieces amancane futhi amade, ukugaya ukukhuphuka nakho kuyisinqumo esingcono. Ama-workpieces azacile futhi amade adinga izimo zemishini ezinzile phakathi nenqubo yokwenza imishini. Amandla wengxenye eqondile yokugaywa kokukhuphuka asiza ukulungisa i-workpiece futhi anciphise izinkinga ezifana nokuguqulwa phakathi nenqubo yokukhanda.
(B) Izimiso kanye Nemithelela Ehlobene Yokugaya Okuvamile
Ukugaya okuvamile kuphambene nokugaya umqansa. Lapho isiqondiso sokuzungezisa sengxenye lapho umsiki wokugaya ethintana khona ne-workpiece ihlukile ku-feed 方向 ye-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuthi ukugaya okuvamile. Phakathi nokugaya okuvamile, isiqondiso samandla engxenye yokugaya eqondile ukuphakamisa ucezu lokusebenza, okuzokwenza ukuthi ibanga lokuslayida phakathi kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika kanye nendawo esebenza ngomshini likhule futhi ukungqubuzana kwande. Lokhu kungqubuzana okukhulu kuzoletha uchungechunge lwezinkinga, njengokwandisa ukuguga kwethuluzi lokusika nokwenza umsebenzi onzima wokwenza indawo esebenza ngomshini ibe bucayi kakhulu. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi kwendawo esebenza ngomshini kuzokhuphula ubulukhuni bobuso, kunciphise ukuqina kwento, futhi kungase kuthinte ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu yezinqubo zomshini ezilandelayo.
Ukugaya okuvamile kuphambene nokugaya umqansa. Lapho isiqondiso sokuzungezisa sengxenye lapho umsiki wokugaya ethintana khona ne-workpiece ihlukile ku-feed 方向 ye-workpiece, ibizwa ngokuthi ukugaya okuvamile. Phakathi nokugaya okuvamile, isiqondiso samandla engxenye yokugaya eqondile ukuphakamisa ucezu lokusebenza, okuzokwenza ukuthi ibanga lokuslayida phakathi kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika kanye nendawo esebenza ngomshini likhule futhi ukungqubuzana kwande. Lokhu kungqubuzana okukhulu kuzoletha uchungechunge lwezinkinga, njengokwandisa ukuguga kwethuluzi lokusika nokwenza umsebenzi onzima wokwenza indawo esebenza ngomshini ibe bucayi kakhulu. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi kwendawo esebenza ngomshini kuzokhuphula ubulukhuni bobuso, kunciphise ukuqina kwento, futhi kungase kuthinte ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu yezinqubo zomshini ezilandelayo.
Nokho, ukugaya okuvamile nakho kunezinzuzo zako. Isiqondiso samandla engxenye yokugaya evundlile ngesikhathi sokugaya okuvamile siphambene nesiqondiso sokunyakaza kokuphakelayo kwendawo yokusebenza. Lesi sici sisiza isikulufu nenadi ukuthi kulingane ngokuqinile. Kulokhu, ukunyakaza kwe-worktable kuzinzile. Lapho ukugaya ama-workpieces anobunzima obungalingani njengama-castings nama-forgings, lapho kungase kube khona izikhumba eziqinile ebusweni nezinye izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuzinza kokugaya okuvamile kunganciphisa ukuguga kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika. Ngoba lapho kwenziwa ama-workpieces anjalo, ithuluzi lokusika lidinga ukumelana namandla amakhulu okusika kanye nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusika. Uma ukunyakaza kwe-worktable kungazinzile, kuzokwandisa umonakalo ethuluzini lokusika, futhi ukugaya okuvamile kungakhulula lesi simo ngezinga elithile.
II. Ukuhlaziywa Okuningiliziwe Kwezici Zokugaya I-Climb kanye Nokugaya Okuvamile Emishinini Yokugaya ye-CNC
(A) Ukuhlaziywa Okujulile Kwezici Zokugaya Ukukhuphuka
- Izinguquko Ebugqileni Bokusika kanye Nenqubo Yokusika
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ukukhuphuka, ubukhulu bokusika bezinyo ngalinye lethuluzi lokusika bubonisa iphethini yokukhula kancane kancane kusukela kokuncane kuya enkulu. Lapho izinyo lethuluzi lokusika livele lithinte i-workpiece, ubukhulu bokusika buyi-zero. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinyo lethuluzi lokusika lislayida endaweni yokusika eshiywe yizinyo langaphambili lethuluzi lokusika esigabeni sokuqala. Kuphela lapho izinyo lethuluzi lokusika lishelela ibanga elithile kule ndawo yokusika futhi ubukhulu bokusika bufinyelela inani elithile, ingabe izinyo lethuluzi lokusika liqala ngempela ukusika. Le ndlela yokushintsha ubukhulu bokusika ihluke kakhulu kuleyo yokugaya okuvamile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusika, le ndlela yokuqala eyingqayizivele yokusika inomthelela obalulekile ekugqokeni kwethuluzi lokusika. Njengoba izinyo lethuluzi lokusika linenqubo yokuslayida ngaphambi kokuqala ukusika, umthelela onqenqemeni lokusika ithuluzi lokusika lincane, okuzuzisa ukuvikela ithuluzi lokusika. - Ukusika Indlela kanye Nokugqoka Kwamathuluzi
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokugaya okuvamile, indlela amazinyo ethuluzi lokusika ehamba ngayo endaweni yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokugaya imfishane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indlela yokusika yokugaya ikhuphuka yenza indlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwethuluzi lokusika kanye ne-workpiece eqondile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zokusika, ukugqokwa kwethuluzi lokusika lapho usebenzisa ukugaya ukukhuphuka kuncane kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhuphuka kokugaya akufanelekile kuzo zonke izinto zokusebenza. Njengoba amazinyo ethuluzi lokusika eqala ukusika kusukela ebusweni be-workpiece isikhathi ngasinye, uma kunesikhumba esiqinile ebusweni be-workpiece, njengamanye ama-workpieces ngemva kokukhipha noma ukukhwabanisa ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ukukhuphuka kokugaya akufanelekile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuqina kwesikhumba esiqinile kuphakeme kakhulu, kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu emazinyweni ethuluzi lokusika, ukusheshisa ukuguga kwethuluzi lokusika, futhi kungalimaza ngisho nethuluzi lokusika. - Ukusika Ukuguquguquka nokusetshenziswa kwamandla
Isilinganiso sokusika ngesikhathi sokugaya sikhulu, okwenza ukugoba kokusika kube kuncane. I-deformation encane yokusika isho ukuthi ukucindezeleka nokusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka kwezinto zokusebenza ngesikhathi sokusika kufana kakhulu, kunciphisa izinkinga zemishini ezibangelwa ukugxila kokucindezeleka kwendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nokugaya okuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okugaya kuncane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okusika phakathi kwethuluzi lokusika kanye nendawo yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokugaya ukukhuphuka kunengqondo, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okungadingekile nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemishini. Ezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezinkulu noma zomshini ezinezidingo zokusetshenziswa kwamandla, lesi sici sokugaya izintaba sinokubaluleka okubalulekile kwezomnotho.
(B) Ukuhlaziywa Okujulile Kwezici Zokugaya Okuvamile
- Ukuzinza kwe-Worktable Movement
Ngesikhathi sokugaya okuvamile, njengoba isiqondiso samandla okusika avundlile asetshenziswa umsiki wokugaya endaweni yokusebenza aphikisana nesiqondiso sokunyakaza okuphakelayo kwe-workpiece, isikulufu kanye nenadi le-worktable lingahlala ligcina uhlangothi olulodwa lwentambo luseduze. Lesi sici siqinisekisa ukuzinza okuhlobene kokuhamba kwe-worktable. Phakathi nenqubo yokwenza imishini, ukunyakaza okuzinzile kwetafula lokusebenza kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile eziqinisekisa ukunemba komshini. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokugaya umqansa, ngesikhathi sokugaya, njengoba isiqondiso samandla okugaya avundlile sifana nendlela yokunyakaza kokuphakelayo kwendawo yokusebenza, lapho amandla asetshenziswa ngamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika endaweni yokusebenza maningi ngokuqhathaniswa, ngenxa yokuba khona kwemvume phakathi kwesikulufu namantongomane ethebula lokusebenzela, ithebula lokusebenzela lizohamba liye phezulu liye phansi. Lokhu kunyakaza akugcini nje ukuphazamisa ukuzinza kwenqubo yokusika, kuthinta ikhwalithi yomshini we-workpiece, kodwa futhi kungalimaza ithuluzi lokusika ngokungathí sina. Ngakho-ke, kwezinye izimo zemishini ezinezidingo eziphezulu zokunemba komshini kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokuvikela ithuluzi, inzuzo yokuzinza yokugaya okuvamile ikwenza kube ukukhetha okufanele kakhulu. - Ikhwalithi Yomphezulu Owenziwe Ngomshini
Ngesikhathi sokugaya okuvamile, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamazinyo ethuluzi lokusika kanye nendawo yokusebenza kukhulu kakhulu, okuyisici esivelele sokugaya okuvamile. Ukungqubuzana okukhulu kakhulu kuzodala ukuthi umsebenzi wokuqina wendawo owenziwe ngomshini ube mkhulu kakhulu. Ukuqiniswa komsebenzi kwendawo eshayiwe kuzokwandisa ubulukhuni bobuso, kunciphise ukuqina kwento, futhi kungase kuthinte ukunemba kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yezinqubo zomshini ezilandelayo. Isibonelo, komunye umsebenzi womshini womshini odinga ukugaya okulandelayo noma ukunemba okuphezulu, indawo ebandayo eqinile ngemuva kokugaya okuvamile ingase idinge izinqubo zokwelashwa ezengeziwe ukuze kuqedwe ungqimba oluqinile olubandayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomshini. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, njengalapho kunesidingo esithile sokuqina kwendawo yokusebenza noma inqubo yomshini elandelayo ayizwelani nongqimba oluqinile olubandayo, lesi sici sokugaya okuvamile singasetshenziswa.
III. Amasu Okukhetha Okugaywa Kokugibela Nokugaya Okuvamile Emashini Yangempela
Ekwenziweni kwangempela komshini wokugaya we-CNC, ukukhethwa kokugaya umqansa noma ukugaya okuvamile kudinga ukucabangela izici eziningi ngokugcwele. Okokuqala, izici ezibonakalayo ze-workpiece zidinga ukucatshangelwa. Uma ukuqina kwempahla yokusebenza kuphakeme kakhulu futhi kunesikhumba esiqinile ebusweni, njengamanye ama-castings nama-forgings, ukugaya okuvamile kungase kube yisinqumo esingcono ngoba ukugaya okuvamile kunganciphisa ukuguga kwethuluzi lokusika ngezinga elithile futhi kuqinisekise ukuzinza kwenqubo yokugaya. Kodwa-ke, uma ubulukhuni bempahla yokusebenza bufana futhi kunemfuneko ephezulu yekhwalithi engaphezulu, njengokusebenza kwezingxenye ezithile zemishini ezinembayo, ukugaya umqansa kunezinzuzo ezengeziwe. Inganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ubulukhuni obungaphezulu futhi ithuthukise izinga eliphezulu le-workpiece.
Ekwenziweni kwangempela komshini wokugaya we-CNC, ukukhethwa kokugaya umqansa noma ukugaya okuvamile kudinga ukucabangela izici eziningi ngokugcwele. Okokuqala, izici ezibonakalayo ze-workpiece zidinga ukucatshangelwa. Uma ukuqina kwempahla yokusebenza kuphakeme kakhulu futhi kunesikhumba esiqinile ebusweni, njengamanye ama-castings nama-forgings, ukugaya okuvamile kungase kube yisinqumo esingcono ngoba ukugaya okuvamile kunganciphisa ukuguga kwethuluzi lokusika ngezinga elithile futhi kuqinisekise ukuzinza kwenqubo yokugaya. Kodwa-ke, uma ubulukhuni bempahla yokusebenza bufana futhi kunemfuneko ephezulu yekhwalithi engaphezulu, njengokusebenza kwezingxenye ezithile zemishini ezinembayo, ukugaya umqansa kunezinzuzo ezengeziwe. Inganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ubulukhuni obungaphezulu futhi ithuthukise izinga eliphezulu le-workpiece.
Ukuma nobukhulu be-workpiece nakho kubalulekile ukucatshangelwa. Ezindaweni zokusebenza ezincanyana nezinde, ukugaya ugwayi kusiza ukunciphisa ukuwohloka kwendawo yokusebenza phakathi nenqubo yokumaka ngoba amandla amile amile wokugaya angacindezela ucezu lokusebenza kangcono kuthebula lokusebenza. Kwamanye ama-workpiece anobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi namasayizi amakhulu, kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele ngokuphelele ukuzinza kokunyakaza okusebenzayo kanye nokugqokwa kwethuluzi lokusika. Uma isidingo sokuzinza kokunyakaza okusebenzayo ngesikhathi senqubo yomshini siphezulu kakhulu, ukugaya okuvamile kungase kube ukukhetha okufanele kakhulu; uma ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe kukhokhelwa ekunciphiseni ukugqokwa kwethuluzi lokusika kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemishini, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomshini, ukukhuphuka kokugaya kungacatshangelwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza komshini womshini wokugaya ngokwawo kuzophinde kuthinte ukukhethwa kokugaya okukhuphukayo kanye nokugaya okuvamile. Uma imvume phakathi kwesikulufu namantongomane omshini wokugaya ingalungiswa ngokunembile ibe yinani elincane uma kuqhathaniswa, elifana nelingaphansi kuka-0.03 mm, khona-ke izinzuzo zokugaywa kokukhuphuka zingenziwa kangcono. Kodwa-ke, uma ukunemba komshini womshini wokugaya kunqunyelwe futhi inkinga yokukhishwa ayikwazi ukulawulwa ngokuphumelelayo, ukugaya okuvamile kungase kube ukukhetha okuphephile ukugwema izinkinga zekhwalithi yomshini kanye nokulimala kwamathuluzi okubangelwa ukunyakaza kwetafula lokusebenza. Sengiphetha, emshinini wokugaya we-CNC, indlela yokugaya efanele yokugaya noma ukugaya okuvamile kufanele kukhethwe ngokunengqondo ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezithile zomshini kanye nezimo zemishini ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela omuhle kakhulu wokusebenza.