Ubuchwepheshe Bokulawula Izinombolo kanye Namathuluzi Omshini we-CNC
Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo, obufushaniswe ngokuthi i-NC (Numerical Control), buyindlela yokulawula ukunyakaza kwemishini kanye nezinqubo zokucubungula ngosizo lolwazi lwedijithali. Njengamanje, njengoba ukulawula izinombolo kwesimanje kuvame ukusebenzisa ukulawula kwekhompyutha, kwaziwa nangokuthi ukulawulwa kwezinombolo ngekhompyutha (Computerized Numerical Control – CNC).
Ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawulwa kolwazi lwedijithali lokunyakaza kwemishini kanye nezinqubo zokucubungula, ihadiwe ehambisanayo nesoftware kufanele ifakwe. Isamba sezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha nesofthiwe esetshenziswa ukwenza ukulawula ulwazi lwedijithali sibizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo (Uhlelo Lokulawula Izinombolo), kanti umnyombo wohlelo lokulawula izinombolo idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo (Numerical Controller).
Imishini elawulwa ngobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo ibizwa ngokuthi amathuluzi omshini we-CNC (amathuluzi omshini we-NC). Lona umkhiqizo ojwayelekile we-mechatronic ohlanganisa ngokuphelele ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana nobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula okuzenzakalelayo, ubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa ngokunemba, kanye nomklamo wamathuluzi womshini. Kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe besimanje bokukhiqiza. Amathuluzi omshini wokulawula inkambu yokuqala nesetshenziswa kabanzi yobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo. Ngakho-ke, izinga lamathuluzi omshini we-CNC limelela kakhulu ukusebenza, izinga, nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, okuhlanganisa ukubhoboza, ukugaya, namathuluzi omshini oyisicefe, amathuluzi omshini ojikayo, amathuluzi omshini wokugaya, amathuluzi omshini wokukhipha ugesi okhipha ugesi, amathuluzi omshini wokubumba, amathuluzi omshini wokucubungula i-laser, namanye amathuluzi omshini we-CNC anenhloso ekhethekile anokusetshenziswa okuthile. Noma yiliphi ithuluzi lomshini elilawulwa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo lihlukaniswa njengethuluzi lomshini we-NC.
Lawo mathuluzi omshini we-CNC afakwe i-ATC yokushintsha ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo (I-Automatic Tool Changer - ATC), ngaphandle kwama-lathe e-CNC anabaphathi bamathuluzi ajikelezayo, achazwa njengezikhungo zomshini (Isikhungo Somshini - MC). Ngokushintshwa okuzenzakalelayo kwamathuluzi, ama-workpieces angaqedela izinqubo eziningi zokucubungula ngokucindezela okukodwa, kuzuzwe ukugxila kwezinqubo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo. Lokhu kusifinyeza ngempumelelo isikhathi sokucubungula esisizayo futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwethuluzi lomshini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunciphisa inani lokufakwa kanye nokumiswa kwe-workpiece, kuthuthukise ukunemba kokucubungula. Izikhungo zomshini okwamanje ziwuhlobo lwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC anomphumela omkhulu kanye nohlelo olubanzi kakhulu.
Ngokusekelwe kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC, ngokungeza ama-multi-worktable (pallet) amadivaysi okushintshanisa okuzenzakalelayo (Auto Pallet Changer - APC) namanye amadivaysi ahlobene, iyunithi yokucubungula ewumphumela ibizwa ngokuthi iseli yokukhiqiza eguquguqukayo (i-Flexible Manufacturing Cell - FMC). I-FMC ayiqapheli kuphela ukugxila kwezinqubo kanye nenhlanganisela yezinqubo kodwa futhi, ngokushintshana okuzenzakalelayo kwamathebula okusebenza (ama-pallet) kanye nemisebenzi yokuqapha nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo okuphelele, ingenza ukucubungula okungahleliwe isikhathi esithile, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kwemishini. I-FMC ayisona nje isisekelo sohlelo lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo i-FMS (I-Flexible Manufacturing System) kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa njengesisetshenziswa esizimele sokucubungula okuzenzakalelayo. Ngakho-ke, isivinini sayo sokuthuthuka siyashesha kakhulu.
Ngokwesisekelo se-FMC kanye nezikhungo zemishini, ngokwengeza izinhlelo zezokuthutha, amarobhothi ezimboni, kanye nemishini ehlobene, futhi elawulwa futhi elawulwa uhlelo lokulawula olumaphakathi ngendlela ephakathi nendawo futhi enobunye, uhlelo olunjalo lokukhiqiza lubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluguquguqukayo i-FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System). I-FMS ayikwazi nje ukwenza ukucubungula okungahleliwe isikhathi eside kodwa futhi ifinyelele ukucutshungulwa okuphelele kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingxenye kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye, ukufeza ukuzenzekelayo kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-workshop. Iwuhlelo lokukhiqiza oluthuthuke kakhulu olusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuze uvumelane nesimo esishintshayo sesidingo semakethe, ukukhiqizwa kwesimanje, akudingekile nje kuphela ukukhuthaza ukuzenzekelayo kwenqubo yokukhiqiza i-workshop kodwa futhi nokuzuza okuzenzakalelayo okuphelele kusukela ekubikezelweni kwemakethe, ukuthathwa kwezinqumo zokukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo, ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo kuya ekuthengisweni komkhiqizo. Uhlelo oluphelele lokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza olwakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa lezi zidingo lubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokukhiqiza oludidiyelwe ngekhompyutha (I-Computer Integrated Manufacturing System - CIMS). I-CIMS ihlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhiqiza okude kanye nomsebenzi webhizinisi, ukufeza ukukhiqizwa okuhlakaniphile okuphumelelayo nokuguquguqukayo, okumelela isigaba esiphezulu sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza obuzenzakalelayo banamuhla. Ku-CIMS, akukhona nje ukuhlanganiswa kwemishini yokukhiqiza, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe nokuhlanganiswa komsebenzi okubonakala ngolwazi. Ikhompiyutha iyithuluzi lokuhlanganisa, ubuchwepheshe beyunithi esebenza ngekhompyutha buyisisekelo sokuhlanganisa, futhi ukushintshana nokwabelana ngolwazi nedatha kuyibhuloho lokuhlanganisa. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ungathathwa njengokuvezwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo zolwazi nedatha.
Uhlelo Lokulawula Izinombolo Nezingxenye Zalo
Izingxenye Eziyisisekelo Zohlelo Lokulawula Izinombolo
Uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo lwethuluzi lomshini we-CNC luwumgogodla wazo zonke izinto zokulawula izinombolo. Into eyinhloko yokulawula yesistimu yokulawula izinombolo ukususwa kwezimbazo zokuxhumanisa (okuhlanganisa isivinini sokunyakaza, isiqondiso, isikhundla, njll.), kanye nolwazi lokulawula lwayo ngokuyinhloko luvela ekucubunguleni kokulawula izinombolo noma izinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, izingxenye eziyisisekelo kakhulu zesistimu yokulawula izinombolo kufanele zifake: idivayisi yokufaka/yokukhiphayo yohlelo, idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo, nedrayivu ye-servo.
Indima yedivayisi yokufaka/yokukhiphayo ukufaka nokukhipha idatha efana nokucubungula kokulawula izinombolo noma izinhlelo zokulawula ukunyakaza, ukucubungula nokulawula idatha, amapharamitha wamathuluzi omshini, ukuxhumanisa ukuma kwe-eksisi, kanye nesimo sokutholwa kwamaswishi. Ikhibhodi nesibonisi kungamadivayisi ayisisekelo okokufaka/okukhiphayo adingekayo kunoma iyiphi into yokulawula izinombolo. Ukwengeza, kuye ngohlelo lokulawula izinombolo, amadivaysi afana ne-photoelectric readers, ama-tape drive, noma ama-floppy disk drives nawo angahlonywa. Njengedivayisi yocingo, ikhompuyutha okwamanje ingelinye lamadivayisi avame ukusetshenziswa okokufaka/okukhiphayo.
Idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo iyingxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yokulawula izinombolo. Iqukethe amasekhethi esibonakalayo okokufaka/okukhiphayo, izilawuli, amayunithi e-arithmetic, nenkumbulo. Indima yedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo iwukuhlanganisa, ukubala, nokucubungula okokufaka kwedatha ngedivayisi yokufaka ngesekhethi yangaphakathi yokucabanga noma isofthiwe yokulawula, nokukhipha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zolwazi nemiyalo ukuze ulawule izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini ukuze wenze izenzo ezicacisiwe.
Phakathi kwalolu lwazi lokulawula nemiyalo, eyisisekelo kakhulu isivinini sokuphakelayo, isiqondiso sokuphakelayo, kanye neziyalezo zokususwa kwesiphakeli sezimbazo zokuxhumanisa. Akhiqizwa ngemva kokubala kokuhumusha, anikezwe ku-servo drive, akhuliswe umshayeli, futhi ekugcineni alawule ukugudluzwa kwezimbazo zokuxhumanisa. Lokhu kunquma ngokuqondile umzila wokunyakaza wethuluzi noma izimbazo zokuxhumanisa.
Ukwengeza, kuye ngohlelo namathuluzi, isibonelo, ethuluzini lomshini we-CNC, kungase kube nemiyalelo efana nesivinini sokujikeleza, isiqondiso, ukuqala/ukuma kwe-spindle; ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi neziqondiso zokushintshisana; imiyalo yokuqala/yemisa yemishini yokupholisa neyokugcoba; iziyalezo zokukhulula i-workpiece kanye ne-clamping; ukukhonjwa kwethebula lokusebenza neminye imiyalelo eyisizayo. Kuhlelo lokulawula izinombolo, zinikezwa kudivayisi yokulawula yokusiza yangaphandle ngendlela yamasignali ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi. Idivayisi yokulawula eyinsiza yenza ukuhlanganiswa okudingekayo nokusebenza okunengqondo kumasiginali angenhla, ikhulise, futhi ishayele ama-actuator ahambisanayo ukushayela izingxenye zemishini, ama-hydraulic, kanye namadivaysi asizayo womoya wethuluzi lomshini ukuze aqedele izenzo ezishiwo yimiyalelo.
I-servo drive ngokuvamile iqukethe ama-servo amplifiers (owaziwa nangokuthi abashayeli, amayunithi we-servo) kanye nama-actuator. Kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC, ama-AC servo motors ngokuvamile asetshenziswa njengama-actuator okwamanje; kumathuluzi womshini wokwenza imishini wejubane eliphezulu, amamotho aqondile aseqalile ukusetshenziswa. Ukwengeza, kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC akhiqizwa ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1980, kwakunezimo zokusebenzisa ama-DC servo motors; kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC alula, ama-stepper motors nawo asetshenziswa njengama-actuator. Ifomu le-servo amplifier lincike ku-actuator futhi kufanele lisetshenziswe ngokuhambisana ne-drive motor.
Okungenhla yizingxenye eziyisisekelo kakhulu zesistimu yokulawula izinombolo. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamazinga okusebenza kwethuluzi lomshini, izidingo zokusebenza zesistimu nazo ziyakhula. Ukuze uhlangabezane nezimfuneko zokulawula zamathuluzi omshini ahlukene, qinisekisa ubuqotho nokufana kwesistimu yokulawula izinombolo, futhi wenze lula ukusetshenziswa komsebenzisi, amasistimu okulawula amanani athuthukisiwe ngokuvamile anesilawuli sangaphakathi esihlelekayo njengedivayisi yokulawula eyisizayo yethuluzi lomshini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumathuluzi omshini wokusika insimbi, idivayisi ye-spindle drive ingaba yingxenye yesistimu yokulawula izinombolo; kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC avaliwe, imishini yokulinganisa neyokubona nayo ibalulekile ohlelweni lokulawula izinombolo. Kuzinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe zokulawula izinombolo, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho ikhompuyutha isetshenziswa njengesixhumi esibonakalayo somshini womuntu wesistimu kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha namadivayisi okufaka/okukhiphayo, ngaleyo ndlela yenze imisebenzi yesistimu yokulawula izinombolo ibe namandla kakhulu kanye nokusebenza kahle kakhulu.
Sengiphetha, ukwakheka kohlelo lokulawula izinombolo kuncike ekusebenzeni kohlelo lokulawula kanye nezidingo ezithile zokulawula zemishini. Kunomehluko omkhulu ekucushweni nasekubunjweni kwayo. Ngokungeziwe ezingxenyeni ezintathu eziyisisekelo kakhulu zedivayisi yokufaka/yokukhiphayo yohlelo lokucubungula, idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo, nedrayivu ye-servo, kungase kube nezinye izisetshenziswa zokulawula. Ingxenye yebhokisi elidayishiwe kuMfanekiso 1-1 imele uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo lwekhompyutha.
Imiqondo ye-NC, CNC, SV, kanye ne-PLC
I-NC (CNC), SV, kanye ne-PLC (PC, PMC) yizifinyezo zesiNgisi ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini yokulawula izinombolo futhi zinezincazelo ezihlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo.
I-NC (CNC): I-NC kanye ne-CNC izifinyezo zesiNgisi ezijwayelekile zokulawula izinombolo kanye ne-Computerized Numerical Control, ngokulandelana. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukulawulwa kwezinombolo kwesimanje konke kusebenzisa ukulawulwa kwekhompyutha, kungacatshangwa ukuthi izincazelo ze-NC ne-CNC zifana ngokuphelele. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela, kuye ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, i-NC (CNC) ngokuvamile inezincazelo ezintathu ezihlukene: Ngomqondo obanzi, imele ubuchwepheshe bokulawula - ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo; ngomqondo omncane, limelela ibhizinisi lesistimu yokulawula - uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo; ngaphezu kwalokho, ingase futhi imele idivayisi ethile yokulawula - idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo.
I-SV: SV isifinyezo esivamile sesiNgisi se-servo drive (Servo Drive, esifushanisiwe ngokuthi servo). Ngokwemigomo enqunyiwe yezinga laseJapane le-JIS, “iyindlela yokulawula ethatha indawo, isiqondiso, nesimo sento njengamanani okulawula futhi ilandelela izinguquko ezingafanele enanini eliqondiwe.” Ngamafuphi, iyidivayisi elawulayo engalandela ngokuzenzakalela amanani aphathekayo njengendawo eqondiwe.
Kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC, indima ye-servo drive ibonakala ngokuyinhloko ezicini ezimbili: Okokuqala, yenza izimbazo zokuxhumanisa zisebenze ngesivinini esinikezwe idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo; okwesibili, kwenza izimbazo zokuxhumanisa zibekwe ngokuvumelana nendawo enikezwe idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo.
Izinto zokulawula ze-servo drive imvamisa ukufuduka kanye nesivinini sama-axes wokuxhumanisa wethuluzi lomshini; i-actuator iyinjini ye-servo; ingxenye elawula futhi ikhulise isignali yomyalo wokufaka ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-servo amplifier (eyaziwa nangokuthi umshayeli, i-amplifier, iyunithi ye-servo, njll.), okuwumgogodla we-servo drive.
Idrayivu ye-servo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuphela ngokuhambisana nedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa yodwa njengesistimu ehambisana nesikhundla (isivinini). Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi i-servo system. Kuzinhlelo zokulawula izinombolo zakuqala, ingxenye yokulawula isikhundla yayivame ukuhlanganiswa ne-CNC, futhi idrayivu ye-servo yenza ukulawula isivinini kuphela. Ngakho-ke, i-servo drive yayivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iyunithi yokulawula isivinini.
I-PLC: I-PC isifinyezo sesiNgisi se-Programmable Controller. Ngokuthandwa okwandayo kwamakhompiyutha omuntu siqu, ukugwema ukudideka ngamakhompyutha omuntu (abizwa nangokuthi ama-PC), izilawuli ezihlelekayo manje sezibizwa ngokuthi izilawuli ze-programmable logic (Programmalbe Logic Controller - PLC) noma izilawuli zemishini ezihlelekayo (Isilawuli Semishini Ehlelwayo - PMC). Ngakho-ke, kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC, i-PC, i-PLC, ne-PMC anencazelo efanayo ncamashi.
I-PLC inezinzuzo zokuphendula ngokushesha, ukusebenza okuthembekile, ukusetshenziswa okulula, ukuhlela okulula nokulungisa iphutha, futhi ingashayela ngokuqondile izinto zikagesi zethuluzi lomshini. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kabanzi njengethuluzi lokulawula elisizayo lemishini yokulawula izinombolo. Njengamanje, izinhlelo eziningi zokulawula izinombolo zine-PLC yangaphakathi yokucubungula imiyalelo eyisizayo yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, ngaleyo ndlela enze lula kakhulu insiza yokulawula yethuluzi lomshini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezikhathini eziningi, ngokusebenzisa amamojula akhethekile asebenzayo afana nemojula yokulawula i-axis kanye nemojula yokumisa ye-PLC, i-PLC ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawulwa kwendawo, ukulawulwa komugqa, nokulawula okulula kwe-contour, ukwakha amathuluzi omshini we-CNC akhethekile noma imigqa yokukhiqiza ye-CNC.
Isimiso Sokuqamba Nokucubungula Amathuluzi Omshini we-CNC
Ukwakheka Okuyisisekelo Kwamathuluzi Omshini we-CNC
Amathuluzi omshini we-CNC ayimishini yokulawula izinombolo ejwayelekile kakhulu. Ukucacisa ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, okokuqala kudingekile ukuhlaziya inqubo yokusebenza yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC wokucubungula izingxenye. Kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC, ukucubungula izingxenye, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingenziwa:
Ngokwemidwebo nezinhlelo zezinqubo zezingxenye okufanele zicutshungulwe, kusetshenziswa amakhodi anqunyiwe kanye namafomethi wohlelo, bhala umkhondo wokunyakaza kwamathuluzi, inqubo yokucubungula, imingcele yenqubo, imingcele yokusika, njll. efomini lemiyalo eliqashelwa uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo, okungukuthi, bhala uhlelo lokucubungula.
Faka uhlelo lokucubungula olubhaliwe kudivayisi yokulawula izinombolo.
Idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo inquma futhi icubungule uhlelo lokufaka (ikhodi) futhi ithumele amasiginali okulawula ahambisanayo kumadivayisi edrayivu ye-servo kanye namadivayisi asizayo okulawula umsebenzi we-eksisi ngayinye yokuxhumanisa ukuze ulawule ukunyakaza kwengxenye ngayinye yethuluzi lomshini.
Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza, uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo ludinga ukuthola indawo yezimbazo zokuxhumanisa zethuluzi lomshini, isimo sokushintshwa kohambo, njll. nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, futhi liqhathanise nezidingo zohlelo ukuze linqume isenzo esilandelayo kuze kube yilapho izingxenye ezifanelekayo sezicutshungulwa.
Umsebenzisi angabuka futhi ahlole izimo zokucubungula kanye nesimo sokusebenza sethuluzi lomshini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Uma kunesidingo, ukulungiswa kwezenzo zethuluzi lomshini nezinhlelo zokucubungula nakho kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokuthembekile kwethuluzi lomshini.
Kungabonwa ukuthi njengokwakheka okuyisisekelo kwethuluzi lomshini we-CNC, kufanele kufake phakathi: amadivayisi okokufaka/okukhiphayo, amadivayisi okulawula izinombolo, amadrayivu e-servo namadivayisi empendulo, amadivayisi okulawula asizayo, kanye nenhlangano yethuluzi lomshini.
Ukwakhiwa Kwamathuluzi Omshini we-CNC
Isistimu yokulawula izinombolo isetshenziselwa ukufeza ukulawulwa kokucubungula komsingathi wamathuluzi womshini. Njengamanje, iningi lezinhlelo zokulawula izinombolo zisebenzisa ukulawula izinombolo zekhompyutha (okungukuthi, i-CNC). Idivayisi yokufaka/yokukhiphayo, idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo, i-servo drive, nedivayisi yempendulo esithombeni ndawonye yakha isistimu yokulawula izinombolo yethuluzi lomshini, futhi indima yayo ichazwe ngenhla. Okulandelayo kwethula kafushane ezinye izingxenye.
Idivayisi yempendulo yokulinganisa: Isixhumanisi sokuthola iluphu evaliwe (i-semi-closed-loop) ithuluzi lomshini we-CNC. Indima yayo iwukubona isivinini nokugudluzwa kokususwa kwangempela kwe-actuator (efana nesiphathi sethuluzi) noma ithebula lokusebenza ngezinto zokulinganisa zesimanje ezifana nezifaki khodi ze-pulse, izixazululi, ama-induction synchronizers, ama-gratings, izikali kazibuthe, namathuluzi okulinganisa i-laser, futhi uzinike amandla emuva ku-servo drive idivayisi noma idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo ukuze kufinyelelwe idivayisi enyakazayo, noma idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo. inhloso yokuthuthukisa ukunemba kwendlela yokunyakaza. Indawo yokufaka yedivayisi yokuthola kanye nendawo lapho isignali yokuthola ibuyiselwa emuva incike esakhiweni sesistimu yokulawula izinombolo. Izishumeki ze-Servo ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ze-pulse, ama-tachometer, nama-gratings alayini kuyizinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezitholwayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi ama-servo athuthukile wonke asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-digital servo drive (okubizwa ngokuthi i-servo yedijithali), ibhasi ngokuvamile lisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma phakathi kwe-servo drive kanye nedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo; ezimweni eziningi, isignali yempendulo ixhunywe ku-servo drive futhi idluliselwe kudivayisi yokulawula izinombolo ngebhasi. Ezikhathini ezimbalwa kuphela noma lapho usebenzisa amadrayivu e-analog servo (ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi i-analog servo), idivayisi yempendulo idinga ukuxhunywa ngokuqondile kudivayisi yokulawula izinombolo.
Ithuluzi lokulawula elisizayo kanye nendlela yokudlulisa okuphakelayo: Itholakala phakathi kwedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo kanye nezingxenye zemishini ne-hydraulic zethuluzi lomshini. Indima yayo eyinhloko ukuthola isivinini sokuphotha, isiqondiso, kanye nokukhishwa kweziyalezo zokuqala/zokumisa ngedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo; ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi neziqondiso zokushintshisana; imiyalo yokuqala/yemisa yemishini yokupholisa neyokugcoba; amasiginali weziyalezo asizayo njengokuxegiswa nokubopha izingcezu zokusebenza nezingxenye zamathuluzi omshini, ukukhonjwa kwethebula lokusebenza, namasiginali wesimo sokutholwa kwamaswishi ethuluzini lomshini. Ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa okudingekayo, ukwahlulela okunengqondo, kanye nokukhulisa amandla, ama-actuator ahambisanayo aqhutshwa ngokuqondile ukushayela izingxenye zemishini, i-hydraulic, kanye namadivaysi asizayo womoya wethuluzi lomshini ukuze aqedele izenzo ezichazwe yimiyalelo. Ivamise ukwakhiwa nge-PLC kanye nesekethe yokulawula yamanje eqinile. I-PLC ingahlanganiswa ne-CNC ngesakhiwo (i-PLC eyakhelwe ngaphakathi) noma izimele ngokuqhathaniswa (i-PLC yangaphandle).
Umzimba wethuluzi lomshini, okuwukuthi, ukwakheka komshini wethuluzi lomshini we-CNC, ubuye wakhiwe amasistimu okushayela amakhulu, amasistimu okushayela okuphakelayo, imibhede, amatafula okusebenza, amadivaysi okunyakaza asizayo, amasistimu abamba amanzi nawomoya, amasistimu okugcoba, izinto zokupholisa, ukukhishwa kwe-chip, izinhlelo zokuvikela, nezinye izingxenye. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokulawula izinombolo kanye nokunikeza ukudlala okuphelele ekusebenzeni kwethuluzi lomshini, kube nezinguquko eziphawulekayo mayelana nesakhiwo sonke, idizayini yokubukeka, ukwakheka kwesistimu yokudlulisa, isistimu yamathuluzi, nokusebenza kokusebenza. Izingxenye zomshini zethuluzi lomshini zifaka umbhede, ibhokisi, ikholomu, isitimela somhlahlandlela, itafula lokusebenza, lokuphotha, indlela yokuphakelayo, indlela yokushintshisana yamathuluzi, njll.
Umgomo we-CNC Machining
Kumathuluzi omshini wokusika wensimbi wendabuko, lapho ucubungula izingxenye, opharetha udinga ukushintsha ngokuqhubekayo imingcele efana ne-trajectory yokunyakaza kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza kwethuluzi ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomdwebo, ukuze ithuluzi lenze ukucubungula ukusika ku-workpiece futhi ekugcineni licubungule izingxenye ezifanelekayo.
Ukucutshungulwa kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC empeleni kusebenza umgomo "womehluko". Umgomo wayo wokusebenza kanye nenqubo ingachazwa kafushane kanje:
Ngokuvumelana ne-trajectory yethuluzi edingwa uhlelo lokucubungula, idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo ihlukanisa i-trajectory ngokuhambisana nezimbazo ezihambisanayo zethuluzi lomshini ngenani elincane lokunyakaza (okulingana nokushaya kwe-pulse) (△X, △Y ku-Figure 1-2) futhi ibala inani lama-pulses i-eksisi ngayinye exhumanisa okudingeka ihambe.
Ngesofthiwe "yokuhumusha" noma "i-interpolation" yokubala yedivayisi yokulawula izinombolo, umzila odingekayo ufakwe i-polyline elinganayo kumayunithi "weyunithi yokunyakaza okuncane" kanye ne-polyline efakwe eduze kakhulu ne-trajectory yetiyori iyatholakala.
Ngokuvumelana ne-trajectory ye-polyline efakiwe, idivayisi yokulawula izinombolo ngokuqhubekayo yabela ama-pulses okuphakelayo kuma-ax ahambisanayo ahambisanayo futhi inike amandla ama-ax axhumanisa wethuluzi lomshini ukuthi ahambe ngokuvumelana nama-pulses abelwe ngokusebenzisa i-servo drive.
Kungabonakala ukuthi: Okokuqala, inqobo nje uma inani elincane lokunyakaza (i-pulse elilingana) lethuluzi lomshini we-CNC lilincane ngokwanele, i-polyline efakiwe esetshenzisiwe ingashintshwa ngokulinganayo esikhundleni sejika lethiyori. Okwesibili, inqobo nje uma indlela yokwabiwa kwe-pulse yama-axes wokuxhumanisa ishintshiwe, ukuma kwe-polyline efakiwe kungashintshwa, ngaleyo ndlela kufezeke injongo yokuguqula i-trajectory yokucubungula. Okwesithathu, inqobo nje uma imvamisa ye…