Isimiso Nezinyathelo Zokushintsha Kwethuluzi Okuzenzakalelayo Ezikhungweni Zomshini ze-CNC
I-Abstract: Leli phepha lichaza kabanzi ngokubaluleka kwedivayisi yokuguqula ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo ezikhungweni zemishini ye-CNC, isimiso sokushintshwa kwamathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo, nezinyathelo ezithile, okuhlanganisa izici ezifana nokulayisha amathuluzi, ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi, nokushintshwa kwamathuluzi. Ihlose ukuhlaziya ngokujulile ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo, inikeze ukusekela kwethiyori kanye nesiqondiso esisebenzayo sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula nokunemba kwezikhungo zemishini ye-CNC, ukusiza opharetha baqonde kangcono futhi basebenzise lobu buchwepheshe obubalulekile, bese kuthuthukiswa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
I. Isingeniso
Njengemishini ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwesimanje, izikhungo zemishini ye-CNC zidlala indima ebalulekile ngamathuluzi azo okushintsha amathuluzi azenzakalelayo, amasistimu amathuluzi okusika, namadivayisi okushintsha i-pallet azenzakalelayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalawa madivaysi kwenza izikhungo zokwenza imishini ziqedele ukucutshungulwa kwezingxenye eziningi ezihlukene zocezu lokusebenza ngemva kokufakwa okukodwa, kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuphumula esingenalo iphutha, kufinyeze ngempumelelo umjikelezo wokukhiqiza umkhiqizo, futhi nokuba nokubaluleka okubalulekile kokuthuthukisa ukunemba kokucubungula kwemikhiqizo. Njengengxenye eyinhloko phakathi kwabo, ukusebenza kwedivayisi yokuguqula ithuluzi okuzenzakalelayo kuhlobene ngokuqondile nezinga lokucubungula kahle. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olunzulu ngesimiso nezinyathelo zalo lunokubaluleka okuwusizo okubalulekile.
II. Isimiso Sokushintsha Kwethuluzi Okuzenzakalelayo Ezikhungweni Zomshini ze-CNC
(I) Inqubo Eyisisekelo Yokushintsha Ithuluzi
Nakuba kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamamagazini amathuluzi ezikhungweni zokwenza imishini ye-CNC, njengamamagazini ethuluzi lohlobo lwe-disc kanye namamagazini ethuluzi lohlobo lweketango, inqubo eyisisekelo yokuguqulwa kwamathuluzi ayiguquki. Lapho ithuluzi lokushintsha ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo lithola umyalelo wokushintsha ithuluzi, lonke uhlelo luqala ngokushesha uhlelo lokushintsha ithuluzi. Okokuqala, i-spindle izoyeka ngokushesha ukujikeleza futhi ime ngokunembile endaweni yokushintsha ithuluzi elisethiwe ngohlelo lokuma olunembe kakhulu. Ngokulandelayo, umshini wokukhulula ithuluzi uyavulwa ukuze wenze ithuluzi eliku-spindle libe sesimweni esingashintshwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngokwemiyalo yesistimu yokulawula, umagazini wamathuluzi ushayela amadivaysi okudlulisela ahambisanayo ukuze ahambise ngokushesha futhi ngokunembile ithuluzi elisha endaweni yokushintsha ithuluzi futhi enze umsebenzi wokukhulula ithuluzi. Bese, isikhohlisi sezingalo ezimbili sisebenza ngokushesha ukuze sibambe ngokunembile amathuluzi amasha namadala ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngemva kokuthi ithebula lokushintshana kwamathuluzi lizungeza endaweni efanele, isikhohlisi sifaka ithuluzi elisha ku-spindle bese sibeka ithuluzi elidala endaweni engenalutho kumagazini wamathuluzi. Ekugcineni, i-spindle yenza isenzo sokubopha ukuze ibambe ngokuqinile ithuluzi elisha futhi ibuyela endaweni yokuqala yokucubungula ngaphansi kwemiyalo yesistimu yokulawula, ngaleyo ndlela iqedele yonke inqubo yokushintsha ithuluzi.
(II) Ukuhlaziywa Kokunyakaza Kwamathuluzi
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushintsha ithuluzi esikhungweni somshini, ukunyakaza kwethuluzi ikakhulukazi kuqukethe izingxenye ezine ezibalulekile:
- Ithuluzi Lima Nge-Spindle bese Lithuthela Endaweni Yokushintsha Ithuluzi: Le nqubo idinga ukuthi i-spindle iyeke ukujikeleza ngokushesha nangokunembile futhi iye endaweni ethile yokushintsha ithuluzi ngohlelo olunyakazayo lwezimbazo zokuxhumanisa zethuluzi lomshini. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kunyakaza kufinyelelwa ngendlela yokudlulisela efana nepheya yesikulufu-nati elishayelwa injini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukunemba kokuma kwe-spindle kuhlangabezana nezidingo zokucubungula.
- Ukunyakaza Kwethuluzi Kumagazini Wethuluzi: Imodi yokunyakaza yethuluzi kumagazini wamathuluzi incike ohlotsheni lwephephabhuku lamathuluzi. Isibonelo, kumagazini wethuluzi lohlobo lweketango, ithuluzi liya endaweni ecacisiwe kanye nokuzungezisa kweketango. Le nqubo idinga injini yokushayela yephephabhuku lamathuluzi ukuthi ilawule ngokunembile i-engeli yokuzungeza kanye nesivinini seketango ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ithuluzi lingafinyelela indawo yokushintsha ithuluzi ngokunembile. Kumagazini wethuluzi lohlobo lwediski, ukuma kwethuluzi kufinyelelwa ngomshini ojikelezayo wephephabhuku lamathuluzi.
- Ukudlulisa Ukunyakaza Kwethuluzi Nge-Manipulator Yokushintsha Ithuluzi: Ukunyakaza kwe-manipulator yokushintsha ithuluzi kuyinkimbinkimbi njengoba idinga ukufeza kokubili ukunyakaza okujikelezayo nokulandelanayo. Phakathi nokubamba ithuluzi nezigaba zokukhishwa kwamathuluzi, isikhohlisi sidinga ukusondela futhi sishiye ithuluzi ngokunyakaza komugqa okunembile. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kufinyelelwa ngomshini wokubeka kanye nephinikhodi oshayelwa isilinda esisebenza ngehydraulic noma isilinda somoya, esishayela ingalo ewumshini ukuze kuzuzwe ukunyakaza okuqondile. Ngesikhathi sokuhoxiswa kwamathuluzi nezigaba zokufaka ithuluzi, ngaphezu kokunyakaza komugqa, isikhohlisi sidinga ukwenza i-engeli ethile yokuzungezisa ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ithuluzi lingahoxiswa kahle futhi lifakwe ku-spindle noma kumagazini wamathuluzi. Lokhu kunyakaza okujikelezayo kufinyelelwa ngokubambisana phakathi kwengalo engumshini kanye ne-gear shaft, okubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwamapheya e-kinematic.
- Ukunyakaza Kwethuluzi Kubuyela Endaweni Yokucubungula nge-主轴: Ngemva kokuthi ukuguqulwa kwethuluzi sekuqediwe, i-spindle idinga ukubuyela ngokushesha endaweni yokucubungula yasekuqaleni ngethuluzi elisha ukuze kuqhutshekwe nemisebenzi yokucubungula elandelayo. Le nqubo ifana nokunyakaza kwethuluzi eliya endaweni yokushintsha ithuluzi kodwa kwelinye icala. Kudinga futhi ukuma okunembayo okuphezulu kanye nokuphendula okusheshayo ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuphumula phakathi nenqubo yokucubungula nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
III. Izinyathelo Zokushintsha Kwethuluzi Okuzenzakalelayo Ezikhungweni Zomshini ze-CNC
(I) Ukulayishwa Kwamathuluzi
- Indlela Yokulayisha Isiphathi Sethuluzi Okungahleliwe
Le ndlela yokulayisha ithuluzi inokuguquguquka okuphezulu kakhulu. Abasebenzisi bangabeka amathuluzi kunoma yisiphi isibambi samathuluzi kumagazini wamathuluzi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngemva kokuqedwa kokufakwa kwamathuluzi, inombolo yomnikazi wamathuluzi lapho ithuluzi litholakala khona kufanele ibhalwe ngokunembile ukuze uhlelo lokulawula lukwazi ukuthola ngokunembile futhi lubize ithuluzi ngokusho kwemiyalelo yohlelo kunqubo yokucubungula elandelayo. Isibonelo, kokunye ukucubungula isikhunta esiyinkimbinkimbi, amathuluzi angase adinge ukushintshwa njalo ngokuya ngezinqubo ezahlukene zokucubungula. Kulesi simo, indlela yokulayisha yesibambi samathuluzi engahleliwe ingakwazi ukuhlela kalula izindawo zokugcina zamathuluzi ngokuya ngesimo sangempela futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha ithuluzi. - Indlela Yokulayisha Isiphathi Sethuluzi Egxilile
Ihlukile endleleni yokulayisha yesibambi samathuluzi engahleliwe, indlela yokulayisha isibambi samathuluzi engashintshi idinga ukuthi amathuluzi kufanele abekwe kuzibambi zamathuluzi ezimisiwe. Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi izikhundla zokugcina zamathuluzi zilungisiwe, okulungele opharetha ukuthi bakhumbule futhi baphathe, futhi kuhambisana nokumiswa okusheshayo nokubiza kwamathuluzi ngohlelo lokulawula. Kweminye imisebenzi yokucubungula ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba, uma inqubo yokucubungula ilinganiselwe ngokuqhathaniswa, ukwamukela indlela yokulayisha yesibambi samathuluzi engashintshi kungathuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kokucutshungulwa futhi kunciphise izingozi zokucubungula ezibangelwa izindawo ezingalungile zokugcina amathuluzi.
(II) Ukukhetha Ithuluzi
Ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi kuyisixhumanisi esiyinhloko kwinqubo yokuguqula ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo, futhi inhloso yalo ukukhetha ngokushesha nangokunembile ithuluzi elishiwo kumagazini wamathuluzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezinqubo ezahlukene zokucubungula. Njengamanje, kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokukhetha amathuluzi:
- Ukukhethwa Kwethuluzi Okulandelanayo
Indlela yokukhetha amathuluzi alandelanayo idinga opharetha ukuthi babeke amathuluzi kubaphathi bamathuluzi ngokuhambisana ngokuqinile nokulandelana kwenqubo yobuchwepheshe lapho belayisha amathuluzi. Phakathi nenqubo yokucubungula, isistimu yokulawula izothatha amathuluzi ngalinye ngalinye ngokuvumelana nokulandelana kokubekwa kwamathuluzi futhi liwabuyisele kubaphathi bamathuluzi okuqala ngemva kokusetshenziswa. Inzuzo yale ndlela yokukhetha ithuluzi ukuthi ilula ukuyisebenzisa futhi inezindleko eziphansi, futhi ifanele eminye imisebenzi yokucubungula enezinqubo ezilula zokucubungula nokulandelana kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi. Isibonelo, ekucubunguleni ezinye izingxenye ze-shaft ezilula, amathuluzi ambalwa kuphela ngokulandelana okuhleliwe angadingeka. Kulokhu, indlela yokukhetha ithuluzi elandelanayo ingahlangabezana nezidingo zokucubungula futhi inganciphisa izindleko nobunkimbinkimbi bezinto zokusebenza. - Ukukhetha Ithuluzi Okungahleliwe
- Ukukhethwa Kwethuluzi Lokubambi Kwekhodi
Le ndlela yokukhetha ithuluzi ihlanganisa ukubhala ngekhodi umbambi wethuluzi ngamunye kumagazini wethuluzi bese ufaka amathuluzi ahambisana namakhodi omphathi wamathuluzi kubaphathi bamathuluzi abashiwo ngamunye ngamunye. Lapho benza izinhlelo, o-opharetha basebenzisa ikheli T ukuze bacacise ikhodi yesibambi lapho ithuluzi likhona. Uhlelo lokulawula lushayela umagazini wamathuluzi ukuhambisa ithuluzi elihambisanayo endaweni yokushintsha ithuluzi ngokwalolu lwazi lokubhala amakhodi. Ubuhle bendlela yokukhetha ithuluzi lokuphatha amakhodi ukuthi ukukhethwa kwamathuluzi kuvumelana nezimo futhi kungakwazi ukuzivumelanisa neminye imisebenzi yokucubungula ngezinqubo zokucubungula eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokulandelana kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okungalungisiwe. Isibonelo, ekucutshungulweni kwezinye izingxenye zezindiza eziyinkimbinkimbi, amathuluzi angase adinge ukushintshwa njalo ngokuya ngezingxenye ezihlukene zokucubungula kanye nezidingo zenqubo, futhi ukulandelana kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi akulungisiwe. Kulesi simo, indlela yokukhetha ithuluzi lokuphatha amakhodi ingakwazi ukubona ukukhetha okusheshayo nokushintshwa kwamathuluzi futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula. - Ukukhetha Ithuluzi Lenkumbulo Yekhompyutha
Ukukhetha ithuluzi lenkumbulo yekhompyutha kuyindlela ethuthuke kakhulu futhi ehlakaniphile yokukhetha ithuluzi. Ngaphansi kwale ndlela, izinombolo zamathuluzi kanye nezindawo zazo zokubeka noma izinombolo zomphathi wamathuluzi zibanjwa ngekhanda ngokufanayo kumemori yekhompuyutha noma kumemori yesilawuli se-logic ehlelekayo. Uma kudingekile ukushintsha amathuluzi ngesikhathi senqubo yokucubungula, uhlelo lokulawula luzothola ngokuqondile ulwazi lwesikhundla samathuluzi kusuka kumemori ngokusho kwemiyalelo yohlelo bese ushayela umagazini wamathuluzi ukuze uhambise ngokushesha futhi ngokunembile amathuluzi endaweni yokushintsha ithuluzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukuguqulwa kwekheli lokugcina ithuluzi kungakhunjulwa yikhompyutha ngesikhathi sangempela, amathuluzi angakhishwa futhi abuyiselwe emuva ngokungahleliwe kumagazini wamathuluzi, kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha kanye nokusebenziseka kalula kwamathuluzi. Le ndlela yokukhetha ithuluzi isetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhungweni zemishini ze-CNC ezinembayo eziphezulu nezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezifanele ukucubungula imisebenzi enezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokucubungula nezinhlobo eziningi zamathuluzi, njengokucutshungulwa kwezingxenye ezifana namabhulokhi enjini yemoto namakhanda angamasilinda.
(III) Ukushintsha Ithuluzi
Inqubo yokushintsha ithuluzi ingahlukaniswa ngezimo ezilandelayo ngokuya ngezinhlobo zabaphathi bamathuluzi ethuluzi eliku-spindle kanye nethuluzi elizoshintshwa kumagazini wamathuluzi:
- Kokubili Ithuluzi Eliku-Spindle kanye Nethuluzi Elizoshintshwa Kumagazini Wethuluzi kukuZibambi Zamathuluzi Okungahleliwe.
Kulokhu, inqubo yokushintsha ithuluzi imi kanje: Okokuqala, umagazini wamathuluzi wenza umsebenzi wokukhetha ithuluzi ngokwemiyalo yohlelo lokulawula ukuhambisa ngokushesha ithuluzi ukuze lithathelwe indawo esikhundleni sokushintsha ithuluzi. Bese, i-double-arm manipulator inweba ukuze ibambe ngokunembile ithuluzi elisha kumagazini wamathuluzi kanye nethuluzi elidala ku-spindle. Okulandelayo, ithebula lokushintshana kwamathuluzi liyazungezisa ukuze lizungezise ithuluzi elisha kanye nethuluzi elidala liye ezindaweni ezihambisanayo ze-spindle kanye nephephabhuku lamathuluzi ngokulandelanayo. Ekugcineni, isikhohlisi sifaka ithuluzi elisha ku-spindle bese siyasibopha, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, sibeka ithuluzi elidala endaweni engenalutho kumagazini wamathuluzi ukuze kuqedelwe umsebenzi wokushintsha ithuluzi. Le ndlela yokuguqula ithuluzi inokuguquguquka okuphezulu futhi ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokucubungula nezinhlanganisela zamathuluzi, kodwa inezidingo eziphakeme zokunemba kwe-manipulator kanye nesivinini sokuphendula sesistimu yokulawula. - Ithuluzi Eliku-Spindle Libekwe Kwisibambi Sethuluzi Eligxilile, futhi Ithuluzi elizoshintshwa lisesibambi Sethuluzi Elingahleliwe noma Isibambi Sethuluzi Eligxilile.
Inqubo yokukhetha ithuluzi iyafana nendlela yokukhetha ithuluzi lomphathi wamathuluzi angahleliwe. Lapho ushintsha ithuluzi, ngemva kokuthatha ithuluzi ku-spindle, umagazini wamathuluzi udinga ukujikeleziswa kusengaphambili endaweni ethile yokwamukela ithuluzi lokuphotha ukuze ithuluzi elidala likwazi ukubuyiselwa ngokunembile kumagazini wamathuluzi. Le ndlela yokushintsha ithuluzi ivame kakhulu kweminye imisebenzi yokucubungula enezinqubo zokucubungula ezingaguquki kanye namaza okusetshenziswa aphezulu wethuluzi lokuphotha. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinqubo zokucubungula imbobo yenqwaba, ama-drill athile noma ama-reamer angasetshenziswa ku-spindle isikhathi eside. Kulesi simo, ukubeka ithuluzi lokuphotha kusiphathi samathuluzi esingashintshi kungathuthukisa ukuzinza nokusebenza kahle kokucubungula. - Ithuluzi eliku-Spindle likuMphathi Wethuluzi Okungahleliwe, futhi Ithuluzi elizoshintshwa lisesibambi Sethuluzi Eligxilile.
Inqubo yokukhetha ithuluzi iwukuba futhi ukhethe ithuluzi elishiwo kumagazini wamathuluzi ngokwezidingo zenqubo yokucubungula. Lapho ushintsha ithuluzi, ithuluzi elithathwe ku-spindle lizothunyelwa endaweni yethuluzi elingenalutho eliseduze ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokulandelayo. Le ndlela yokuguqula ithuluzi, ngokwezinga elithile, icabangela ukuguquguquka kokugcinwa kwamathuluzi kanye nokuba lula kokuphathwa komagazini wamathuluzi. Ilungele eminye imisebenzi yokucubungula enezinqubo zokucubungula eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlobo eziningi zamathuluzi, kanye namaza okusetshenziswa aphansi kwamanye amathuluzi. Isibonelo, ekucubunguleni isikhunta, amathuluzi amaningi anezincazelo ezahlukene angasetshenziswa, kodwa amanye amathuluzi akhethekile asetshenziswa kancane. Kulesi simo, ukubeka lawa mathuluzi kuzibambi zamathuluzi ezigxilile nokugcina amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe endaweni yokuphotha eduze kungathuthukisa izinga lokusebenzisa isikhala semagazini yamathuluzi kanye nokusebenza kahle koshintsho lwethuluzi.
IV. Isiphetho
Isimiso nezinyathelo zokushintsha kwamathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo ezikhungweni zemishini ye-CNC kuwubunjiniyela besistimu obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi obunembayo, obubandakanya ulwazi lobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eminingi efana nesakhiwo semishini, ukulawula kukagesi, kanye nezinhlelo zesofthiwe. Ukuqonda okujulile kanye nokuba yinhloko kobuchwepheshe bokushintsha amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula, ukunemba kokucubungula, nokuthembeka kwemishini yezikhungo zemishini ye-CNC. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemboni yokukhiqiza kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe, amathuluzi okushintsha amathuluzi azenzakalelayo ezikhungo zemishini ye-CNC azoqhubeka nokusungula futhi athuthuke, aqhubekele esivinini esikhulu, ukunemba okuphezulu, kanye nobuhlakani obunamandla ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo esikhulayo sokucubungula izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi anikeze ukwesekwa okuqinile kokukhuthaza ukuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokukhiqiza. Ezisetshenziswa ezingokoqobo, opharetha kufanele bakhethe ngokunengqondo izindlela zokulayisha amathuluzi, izindlela zokukhetha amathuluzi, namasu okushintsha amathuluzi ngokuya nezici nezidingo zokucubungula imisebenzi ukuze basebenzise ngokugcwele izinzuzo zezikhungo zemishini ye-CNC, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abakhiqizi bemishini kufanele futhi ngokuqhubekayo bathuthukise idizayini nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zamadivayisi okushintsha amathuluzi azenzakalelayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza nokuzinza kwezisetshenziswa futhi banikeze abasebenzisi izisombululo zemishini ze-CNC zekhwalithi ephezulu nezisebenza kahle kakhulu.