《Izindlela Zokuqeda Ukunyakaziswa Kwamathuluzi Omshini we-CNC》
Amathuluzi omshini we-CNC adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni zanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ye-oscillation ivame ukuhlupha abaqhubi kanye nabakhiqizi. Izizathu ze-oscillation yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC ziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokungeziwe ezicini eziningi ezifana nezikhala zokudlulisa ezingasuseki, ukuwohloka okunwebekayo, nokumelana nokungqubuzana esicini somshini, umthelela wamapharamitha afanelekile wesistimu ye-servo nakho kuyisici esibalulekile. Manje, umenzi wethuluzi lomshini we-CNC uzokwethula ngokuningiliziwe izindlela zokuqeda ukunyakaziswa kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC.
I. Ukunciphisa inzuzo yelophu yendawo
Isilawuli se-proportional-integral-derivative yisilawuli semisebenzi eminingi esidlala indima ebalulekile kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Ayikwazi ukwenza inzuzo ngokulinganayo kuphela kumasignali amanje kanye ne-voltage kodwa futhi ilungise ukubeleka noma inkinga eholayo yesiginali yokuphumayo. Ngezinye izikhathi amaphutha e-oscillation ayenzeka ngenxa yokusaleleka noma ukuhola kwamandla okukhiphayo kanye ne-voltage. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-PID ingasetshenziselwa ukulungisa isigaba sokuphuma kwamanje kanye ne-voltage.
Ukuzuza kwe-loop yesikhundla kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ohlelweni lokulawula lwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Uma inzuzo ye-loop yendawo iphezulu kakhulu, isistimu izwela ngokweqile emaphutheni esikhundla futhi ijwayele ukudala ukuzungeza. Ukunciphisa ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo kunganciphisa isivinini sokuphendula sohlelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise amathuba okuba ne-oscillation.
Lapho kulungiswa ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo, idinga ukusethwa ngokunengqondo ngokuya ngemodeli yethuluzi lomshini elithile kanye nezidingo zokucubungula. Ngokuvamile, ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo kungancishiswa kuye ezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa kuqala, bese kukhuphuka kancane kancane ngenkathi kubukwa ukusebenza kwethuluzi lomshini kuze kube yilapho inani eliphelele elingahlangabezana nezidingo zokunemba kokucubungula futhi ligweme ukuzulazula kutholwa.
Isilawuli se-proportional-integral-derivative yisilawuli semisebenzi eminingi esidlala indima ebalulekile kumathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Ayikwazi ukwenza inzuzo ngokulinganayo kuphela kumasignali amanje kanye ne-voltage kodwa futhi ilungise ukubeleka noma inkinga eholayo yesiginali yokuphumayo. Ngezinye izikhathi amaphutha e-oscillation ayenzeka ngenxa yokusaleleka noma ukuhola kwamandla okukhiphayo kanye ne-voltage. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-PID ingasetshenziselwa ukulungisa isigaba sokuphuma kwamanje kanye ne-voltage.
Ukuzuza kwe-loop yesikhundla kuyipharamitha ebalulekile ohlelweni lokulawula lwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Uma inzuzo ye-loop yendawo iphezulu kakhulu, isistimu izwela ngokweqile emaphutheni esikhundla futhi ijwayele ukudala ukuzungeza. Ukunciphisa ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo kunganciphisa isivinini sokuphendula sohlelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise amathuba okuba ne-oscillation.
Lapho kulungiswa ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo, idinga ukusethwa ngokunengqondo ngokuya ngemodeli yethuluzi lomshini elithile kanye nezidingo zokucubungula. Ngokuvamile, ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo kungancishiswa kuye ezingeni eliphansi uma kuqhathaniswa kuqala, bese kukhuphuka kancane kancane ngenkathi kubukwa ukusebenza kwethuluzi lomshini kuze kube yilapho inani eliphelele elingahlangabezana nezidingo zokunemba kokucubungula futhi ligweme ukuzulazula kutholwa.
II. Ukulungiswa kwepharamitha yesistimu ye-servo evaliwe
I-Semi-closed-loop servo system
Amanye amasistimu e-servo e-CNC asebenzisa amadivaysi e-semi-closed-loop. Lapho ulungisa isistimu ye-servo ye-semi-closed-loop, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ye-semi-closed-loop yendawo ayiguquki. Njengoba isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokugcwele yenza ukulungiswa kwepharamitha kusisekelo sokuthi uhlelo lwayo lwe-semi-closed-loop lwendawo luzinzile, lezi ezimbili ziyefana ezindleleni zokulungisa.
I-semi-closed-loop servo system ngokungaqondile ibuyisela ulwazi lwendawo yethuluzi lomshini ngokuthola i-engeli yokuzungezisa noma isivinini semoto. Lapho kulungiswa amapharamitha, izici ezilandelayo zidinga ukunakwa:
(1) Amapharamitha we-loop yesivinini: Izilungiselelo zokuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini kanye nokungaguquguquki kwesikhathi esibalulekile kunethonya elikhulu ekuzinzeni nesivinini sokuphendula sohlelo. Ukuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini esikhulu kuzoholela ekuphenduleni kwesistimu okusheshayo futhi kujwayele ukukhiqiza i-oscillation; kuyilapho isikhathi eside kakhulu esingaguquki sizobambezela impendulo yesistimu futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
(2) Amapharamitha we-loop yesikhundla: Ukulungiswa kwenzuzo ye-loop yesikhundla kanye namapharamitha okuhlunga kungathuthukisa ukunemba kwendawo nokuzinza kwesistimu. Ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo ephezulu kakhulu kuzodala ukuzungeza, futhi isihlungi singakwazi ukuhlunga umsindo we-high-frequency kusignali yempendulo futhi sithuthukise ukuzinza kwesistimu.
Isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokugcwele
Isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele ibona ukulawula okunembile kwendawo ngokuthola ngokuqondile indawo yangempela yethuluzi lomshini. Lapho ulungisa isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele, amapharamitha adinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokunemba kwesistimu.
Ukulungiswa kwepharamitha yesistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele ihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
(1) Ukuzuza kweluphu yesikhundla: Ngokufana nesistimu yeluphu evalwe kancane, ukuzuza kweluphu yendawo ephezulu kuzoholela ekuzuleni. Nokho, njengoba isistimu yeluphu evaliwe ngokugcwele ithola amaphutha ezindawo ngokunembe kakhudlwana, inzuzo yeluphu yendawo ingasethwa ibe phezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kwendawo yesistimu.
(2) Amapharamitha we-loop yesivinini: Izilungiselelo zokuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini kanye nesikhathi esibalulekile esiqhubekayo sidinga ukulungiswa ngokuya nezici eziguquguqukayo nezidingo zokucubungula zethuluzi lomshini. Ngokuvamile, inzuzo yelophu yesivinini ingasethwa ibe phezulu kancane kunaleyo yesistimu ye-semi-closed-loop ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokuphendula sesistimu.
(3) Amapharamitha wesihlungi: Isistimu yeluphu evaliwe ngokuphelele izwela kakhulu umsindo kusignali yempendulo, ngakho-ke amapharamitha esihlungi afanelekile adinga ukusethwa ukuze ahlunge umsindo. Uhlobo nokukhethwa kwepharamitha yesihlungi kufanele kulungiswe ngokuya ngesimo sohlelo lokusebenza oluthile.
I-Semi-closed-loop servo system
Amanye amasistimu e-servo e-CNC asebenzisa amadivaysi e-semi-closed-loop. Lapho ulungisa isistimu ye-servo ye-semi-closed-loop, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ye-semi-closed-loop yendawo ayiguquki. Njengoba isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokugcwele yenza ukulungiswa kwepharamitha kusisekelo sokuthi uhlelo lwayo lwe-semi-closed-loop lwendawo luzinzile, lezi ezimbili ziyefana ezindleleni zokulungisa.
I-semi-closed-loop servo system ngokungaqondile ibuyisela ulwazi lwendawo yethuluzi lomshini ngokuthola i-engeli yokuzungezisa noma isivinini semoto. Lapho kulungiswa amapharamitha, izici ezilandelayo zidinga ukunakwa:
(1) Amapharamitha we-loop yesivinini: Izilungiselelo zokuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini kanye nokungaguquguquki kwesikhathi esibalulekile kunethonya elikhulu ekuzinzeni nesivinini sokuphendula sohlelo. Ukuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini esikhulu kuzoholela ekuphenduleni kwesistimu okusheshayo futhi kujwayele ukukhiqiza i-oscillation; kuyilapho isikhathi eside kakhulu esingaguquki sizobambezela impendulo yesistimu futhi kuthinte ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula.
(2) Amapharamitha we-loop yesikhundla: Ukulungiswa kwenzuzo ye-loop yesikhundla kanye namapharamitha okuhlunga kungathuthukisa ukunemba kwendawo nokuzinza kwesistimu. Ukuzuza kwe-loop yendawo ephezulu kakhulu kuzodala ukuzungeza, futhi isihlungi singakwazi ukuhlunga umsindo we-high-frequency kusignali yempendulo futhi sithuthukise ukuzinza kwesistimu.
Isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokugcwele
Isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele ibona ukulawula okunembile kwendawo ngokuthola ngokuqondile indawo yangempela yethuluzi lomshini. Lapho ulungisa isistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele, amapharamitha adinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokunemba kwesistimu.
Ukulungiswa kwepharamitha yesistimu ye-servo evaliwe ngokuphelele ihlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:
(1) Ukuzuza kweluphu yesikhundla: Ngokufana nesistimu yeluphu evalwe kancane, ukuzuza kweluphu yendawo ephezulu kuzoholela ekuzuleni. Nokho, njengoba isistimu yeluphu evaliwe ngokugcwele ithola amaphutha ezindawo ngokunembe kakhudlwana, inzuzo yeluphu yendawo ingasethwa ibe phezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kwendawo yesistimu.
(2) Amapharamitha we-loop yesivinini: Izilungiselelo zokuzuza kwe-loop yesivinini kanye nesikhathi esibalulekile esiqhubekayo sidinga ukulungiswa ngokuya nezici eziguquguqukayo nezidingo zokucubungula zethuluzi lomshini. Ngokuvamile, inzuzo yelophu yesivinini ingasethwa ibe phezulu kancane kunaleyo yesistimu ye-semi-closed-loop ukuthuthukisa isivinini sokuphendula sesistimu.
(3) Amapharamitha wesihlungi: Isistimu yeluphu evaliwe ngokuphelele izwela kakhulu umsindo kusignali yempendulo, ngakho-ke amapharamitha esihlungi afanelekile adinga ukusethwa ukuze ahlunge umsindo. Uhlobo nokukhethwa kwepharamitha yesihlungi kufanele kulungiswe ngokuya ngesimo sohlelo lokusebenza oluthile.
III. Ukwamukela umsebenzi wokucindezela we-high-frequency
Ingxoxo engenhla imayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ipharamitha ye-oscillation ye-low-frequency. Kwesinye isikhathi, isistimu ye-CNC yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC izokhiqiza amasiginali empendulo aqukethe ama-harmonics wemvamisa ephezulu ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ze-oscillation engxenyeni yomshini, okwenza i-torque yokukhiphayo ingashintshi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize ukudlidliza. Kulesi simo se-oscillation ye-high-frequency oscillation, isixhumanisi sokuqala sokuhlunga se-low-pass singangezwa ku-loop yesivinini, okuyisihlungi se-torque.
Isihlungi se-torque singahlunga ngempumelelo ama-harmonics emvamisa ephezulu kusiginali yempendulo, senze itorque yokukhiphayo izinze futhi ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ukudlidliza. Lapho ukhetha imingcele yesihlungi se-torque, izici ezilandelayo zidinga ukucatshangelwa:
(1) I-cutoff frequency: I-cutoff frequency inquma idigri yokunciphisa yesihlungi kumasignali amafrikhwensi aphezulu. Imvamisa yokusika ephansi kakhulu izothinta isivinini sokuphendula sesistimu, kuyilapho imvamisa yokusika ephezulu kakhulu ngeke ikwazi ukuhlunga ngempumelelo ama-harmonics emvamisa ephezulu.
(2) Uhlobo lwesihlungi: Izinhlobo zesihlungi ezivamile zihlanganisa isihlungi sase-Butterworth, isihlungi se-Chebyshev, njll. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlungi zinezici ezihlukile zokuphendula imvamisa futhi zidinga ukukhethwa ngokuvumelana nesimo esithile sohlelo lokusebenza.
(3) Ukuhleleka kwesihlungi: Uma kuphakeme ukuhleleka kwesihlungi, kuba ngcono umphumela wokunciphisa amasignali wemvamisa ephezulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzophinde kwandise umthwalo wokubala wesistimu. Lapho ukhetha i-oda lokuhlunga, ukusebenza nezinsiza zokubala zesistimu zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokuphelele.
Ingxoxo engenhla imayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ipharamitha ye-oscillation ye-low-frequency. Kwesinye isikhathi, isistimu ye-CNC yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC izokhiqiza amasiginali empendulo aqukethe ama-harmonics wemvamisa ephezulu ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ze-oscillation engxenyeni yomshini, okwenza i-torque yokukhiphayo ingashintshi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize ukudlidliza. Kulesi simo se-oscillation ye-high-frequency oscillation, isixhumanisi sokuqala sokuhlunga se-low-pass singangezwa ku-loop yesivinini, okuyisihlungi se-torque.
Isihlungi se-torque singahlunga ngempumelelo ama-harmonics emvamisa ephezulu kusiginali yempendulo, senze itorque yokukhiphayo izinze futhi ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ukudlidliza. Lapho ukhetha imingcele yesihlungi se-torque, izici ezilandelayo zidinga ukucatshangelwa:
(1) I-cutoff frequency: I-cutoff frequency inquma idigri yokunciphisa yesihlungi kumasignali amafrikhwensi aphezulu. Imvamisa yokusika ephansi kakhulu izothinta isivinini sokuphendula sesistimu, kuyilapho imvamisa yokusika ephezulu kakhulu ngeke ikwazi ukuhlunga ngempumelelo ama-harmonics emvamisa ephezulu.
(2) Uhlobo lwesihlungi: Izinhlobo zesihlungi ezivamile zihlanganisa isihlungi sase-Butterworth, isihlungi se-Chebyshev, njll. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlungi zinezici ezihlukile zokuphendula imvamisa futhi zidinga ukukhethwa ngokuvumelana nesimo esithile sohlelo lokusebenza.
(3) Ukuhleleka kwesihlungi: Uma kuphakeme ukuhleleka kwesihlungi, kuba ngcono umphumela wokunciphisa amasignali wemvamisa ephezulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuzophinde kwandise umthwalo wokubala wesistimu. Lapho ukhetha i-oda lokuhlunga, ukusebenza nezinsiza zokubala zesistimu zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokuphelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuqeda i-oscillation yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa:
Lungiselela ukwakheka komshini
Hlola izingxenye eziwumshini zethuluzi lomshini, njengezinsimbi eziqondisayo, izikulufu zomthofu, amabherengi, njll., ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukunemba kwazo kokufaka kanye nokuvunyelwa kokulingana kuyahlangabezana nezimfuneko. Ezingxenyeni ezigugile kakhulu, zishintshe noma zilungise ngesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lungisa ngokunengqondo i-counterweight nebhalansi yethuluzi lomshini ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kokudlidliza komshini.
Thuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kohlelo lokulawula
Uhlelo lokulawula lwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC luthintwa kalula ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, okufana nokuphazamiseka kazibuthe kagesi, ukushintshashintsha kwamandla, njll. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yokulawula, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa:
(1) Yamukela izintambo ezivikelwe kanye nezinyathelo zokubeka phansi ukuze unciphise umthelela wokuphazamiseka kazibuthe.
(2) Faka izihlungi zamandla ukuze uzinzise amandla kagesi.
(3) Lungiselela i-algorithm yesofthiwe yesistimu yokulawula ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kohlelo.
Ukugcinwa nokugcinwa njalo
Yenza njalo ukunakekela nokugcina amathuluzi omshini we-CNC, hlanza izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini, hlola izimo zokusebenza zesistimu yokuthambisa kanye nesistimu yokupholisa, bese ubuyisela izingxenye ezigugile namafutha okugcoba ngesikhathi. Lokhu kungaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwethuluzi lomshini futhi kunciphise ukuvela kwe-oscillation.
Lungiselela ukwakheka komshini
Hlola izingxenye eziwumshini zethuluzi lomshini, njengezinsimbi eziqondisayo, izikulufu zomthofu, amabherengi, njll., ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukunemba kwazo kokufaka kanye nokuvunyelwa kokulingana kuyahlangabezana nezimfuneko. Ezingxenyeni ezigugile kakhulu, zishintshe noma zilungise ngesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lungisa ngokunengqondo i-counterweight nebhalansi yethuluzi lomshini ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kokudlidliza komshini.
Thuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kohlelo lokulawula
Uhlelo lokulawula lwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC luthintwa kalula ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle, okufana nokuphazamiseka kazibuthe kagesi, ukushintshashintsha kwamandla, njll. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yokulawula, izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingathathwa:
(1) Yamukela izintambo ezivikelwe kanye nezinyathelo zokubeka phansi ukuze unciphise umthelela wokuphazamiseka kazibuthe.
(2) Faka izihlungi zamandla ukuze uzinzise amandla kagesi.
(3) Lungiselela i-algorithm yesofthiwe yesistimu yokulawula ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kohlelo.
Ukugcinwa nokugcinwa njalo
Yenza njalo ukunakekela nokugcina amathuluzi omshini we-CNC, hlanza izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini, hlola izimo zokusebenza zesistimu yokuthambisa kanye nesistimu yokupholisa, bese ubuyisela izingxenye ezigugile namafutha okugcoba ngesikhathi. Lokhu kungaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwethuluzi lomshini futhi kunciphise ukuvela kwe-oscillation.
Sengiphetha, ukususa i-oscillation yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC kudinga ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kwezici zemishini nezikagesi. Ngokulungisa ngokunengqondo imingcele yesistimu ye-servo, ukwamukela umsebenzi wokucindezela we-high-frequency, ukwenza kahle isakhiwo semishini, ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokulwa nokuphazamiseka kohlelo lokulawula, nokwenza ukugcinwa nokugcinwa okuvamile, ukuvela kwe-oscillation kungancishiswa ngempumelelo futhi ukunemba komshini nokuzinza kwethuluzi lomshini kungathuthukiswa.