Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe besistimu ye-CNC kunikeze izimo zenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe yamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziphakeme zobuchwepheshe besimanje bokukhiqiza kubuchwepheshe be-CNC, ukuthuthukiswa kwamanje kobuchwepheshe be-CNC yomhlaba wonke kanye nemishini yayo kubonakala ikakhulukazi kulezi zici zobuchwepheshe ezilandelayo:
1. Ijubane eliphezulu
Ukuthuthukiswa kweAmathuluzi omshini we-CNCmaqondana nesiqondiso sesivinini esikhulu akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukusebenza kahle kwemishini futhi kunciphise izindleko zemishini, kodwa futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomshini ongaphezulu kanye nokunemba kwezingxenye. I-Ultra high speed machining technology inokusebenza okubanzi ekuzuzeni ukukhiqizwa okungabizi kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, amazwe ase-Europe, e-United States, nase-Japan abeqhudelana ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa isizukulwane esisha samathuluzi omshini we-CNC anesivinini esikhulu, asheshisa ijubane lokuthuthukiswa kwemishini ngesivinini esikhulu. Ukuphumelela okusha kwenziwe kuyunithi ye-spindle enesivinini esikhulu (i-spindle kagesi, isivinini 15000-100000 r/min), izingxenye zokunyakaza kwe-feed yesivinini esikhulu nokusheshisa kakhulu (ijubane elihambayo elisheshayo 60-120m/min, ukusika isivinini sokuphakelayo kuze kufike ku-60m/min), izinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ze-NC kanye ne-CNC yokusebenza kahle amazinga. Ngokuxazululwa kobuchwepheshe obubalulekile ochungechungeni lwemikhakha yezobuchwepheshe efana nendlela yokusika isivinini esiphezulu, izinto zamathuluzi ezisebenza isikhathi eside ezingagugi namathuluzi okugaya abrasive, amandla aphezulu okuphotha okuphotha ugesi anesivinini esikhulu, izakhi zokuphakela ezishayelwa yimoto esheshisa kakhulu/ukwehla, amasistimu okulawula ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu (okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha kanye nokuqapha kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlinzekiwe) ukukhiqizwa kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC onesivinini esikhulu.
Njengamanje, emishinini yejubane eliphezulu, ijubane lokusika lokujika nokugaya selifinyelele ngaphezu kuka-5000-8000m/min; Ijubane lokuphotha lingaphezu kuka-30000 rpm (abanye bangafinyelela ku-100000 r/min); Isivinini sokunyakaza (isilinganiso sokuphakelayo) sebhentshi lokusebenza: ngaphezu kwe-100m / min (ezinye kufika ku-200m / min) ekuxazululeni kwe-micrometer engu-1, nangaphezulu kwe-24m / min ngokulungiswa kwe-micrometer engu-0.1; Isivinini sokushintsha ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo phakathi kwesekhondi elingu-1; Izinga lokuphakelayo lokuhumusha ngomugqa omncane lifinyelela ku-12m/min.
2. Ukunemba okuphezulu
Ukuthuthukiswa kweAmathuluzi omshini we-CNCukusuka ekwenzeni ukunemba ukuya ekwenzeni ukunemba kwe-ultra kuyisiqondiso amandla ezimboni emhlabeni jikelele azibophezele kuso. Ukunemba kwayo kusuka kuzinga le-micrometer kuye ezingeni le-submicron, futhi kuze kufike ezingeni le-nanometer (<10nm), futhi ububanzi bokusebenza kwayo buya ngokuya busabalala.
Njengamanje, ngaphansi kwemfuneko yomshini wokunemba okuphezulu, ukunemba komshini kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC ajwayelekile kuye kwanda kusuka ku-± 10 μ Khuphula m ukuya ku-± 5 μ M; Ukunemba komshini kwezikhungo zokunemba zemishini kusuka ku-± 3 kuya ku-5 μ m. Khuphula ufike ku-± 1-1.5 μ m. Ngaphezu kwalokho; Ukunemba komshini wokunemba okuphezulu kungene kuzinga le-nanometer (ama-micrometer angu-0.001), futhi ukunemba kokuzungezisa kwe-spindle kuyadingeka ukuze kufinyelele kuma-micrometer angu-0.01~0.05, nokujikeleza komshini okungama-micrometer angu-0.1 kanye nobulukhuni bomshini obungama-Ra=0.003 ama-micrometer. Lawa mathuluzi omshini ngokuvamile asebenzisa ama-spindle kagesi alawulwa yi-vector (ahlanganiswe nenjini nokuphotha), aphuma ngeradial of spindle ngaphansi kuka-2 µ m, i-axial displacement engaphansi kuka-1 µ m, kanye ne-shaft engalingani efinyelela ezingeni le-G0.4.
Idrayivu ephakelayo yamathuluzi womshini wokwenza imishini enesivinini esikhulu futhi enembayo ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili: "i-rotary servo motor enezikulufu zebhola ezinesivinini esiphezulu" kanye "ne-linear motor direct drive". Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi omshini ohambisanayo asafufusa nawo alula ukuzuza okuphakelayo kwesivinini esikhulu.
Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bayo obuvuthiwe kanye nokusebenza okubanzi, izikulufu zebhola azifinyeleli nje kuphela ukunemba okuphezulu (i-ISO3408 level 1), kodwa futhi zinezindleko eziphansi zokuzuza ukukhanda ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, zisasetshenziswa imishini eminingi yemishini enesivinini esikhulu kuze kube namuhla. Ithuluzi lamanje lomshini womshini wejubane eliphezulu elishayelwa isikulufu sebhola linesivinini esikhulu sokunyakaza esingu-90m/min kanye nokusheshisa okungu-1.5g.
Isikulufu sebhola singesokudluliswa komshini, okubandakanya nakanjani ukuwohloka okunwebekayo, ukungqubuzana, nokuhlehla ngemva kwenqubo yokudlulisa, okuholela ekunyakazeni kwe-hysteresis namanye amaphutha angaqondile. Ukuze kuqedwe umthelela walawa maphutha ekunembeni komshini, i-linear motor drive direct drive yasetshenziswa kumathuluzi omshini ngo-1993. Njengoba "i-zero transmission" ngaphandle kwezixhumanisi eziphakathi nendawo, ayinayo kuphela inertia encane yokunyakaza, ukuqina kwesistimu ephezulu, nokuphendula okusheshayo, Ingakwazi ukufeza isivinini esikhulu nokusheshisa, futhi ubude bayo bokushaywa bunqunywa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukunemba kokuma kungase futhi kufinyelele izinga eliphezulu ngaphansi kwesenzo sesistimu yempendulo yesimo sokunemba okuphezulu, okuyenza ibe indlela ekahle yokushayela yamathuluzi womshini womshini wokwenza imishini wejubane eliphezulu nonembe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi amathuluzi omshini ophakathi nendawo amakhulu. Njengamanje, isivinini esiphezulu esisheshayo esisheshayo semishini yokukhiqiza imishini enesivinini esikhulu nesinembayo esebenzisa ama-motor aqondile sesifinyelele ku-208 m/min, ngokusheshisa kwe-2g, futhi kusekhona indawo yokuthuthukiswa.
3. Ukuthembeka okuphezulu
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zenethiwekhi zeAmathuluzi omshini we-CNC, ukuthembeka okuphezulu kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC sekube umgomo olandelwa abakhiqizi besistimu ye-CNC nabakhiqizi bamathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Embonini engenamuntu esebenza amashifu amabili ngosuku, uma kudingeka ukuthi isebenze ngokuqhubekayo futhi ngokuvamile phakathi kwamahora angu-16 nesilinganiso samahhala sokuhluleka esingu-P (t)=99% noma ngaphezulu, isikhathi esimaphakathi phakathi kokuhluleka (MTBF) kwethuluzi lomshini we-CNC kufanele sibe ngaphezu kwamahora angu-3000. Ethuluzini lomshini we-CNC elilodwa kuphela, isilinganiso sezinga lokuhluleka phakathi komsingathi nohlelo lwe-CNC singu-10:1 (ukwethembeka kwe-CNC kuwuhlelo olulodwa lobukhulu olungaphezulu kwalelo lomsingathi). Kuleli qophelo, i-MTBF yohlelo lwe-CNC kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwamahora angu-33333.3, futhi i-MTBF yedivayisi ye-CNC, i-spindle, nokushayela kufanele ibe ngaphezu kwamahora angu-100000.
Inani le-MTBF lamadivayisi amanje e-CNC angaphandle selifinyelele amahora angaphezu kuka-6000, futhi idivayisi yokushayela isifinyelele amahora angaphezu kuka-30000. Nokho, kungabonakala ukuthi kusenegebe elisuka kulokho okuhlosiwe.
4. Ukuhlanganisa
Enqubweni yokucubungula izingxenye, isikhathi esiningi esingenamsebenzi sisetshenziswa ekuphatheni izingcezu zokusebenza, ukulayisha nokukhipha, ukufakwa nokulungiswa, ukuguqulwa kwamathuluzi, kanye nesivinini sokuphotha phezulu naphansi. Ukuze kuncishiswe lezi zikhathi ezingenamsebenzi ngangokunokwenzeka, abantu banethemba lokuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlukene yokucubungula ethuluzini lomshini ofanayo. Ngakho-ke, amathuluzi omshini wokusebenza okuhlanganisiwe asephenduke imodeli ethuthuka ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva.
Umqondo womshini oyinhlanganisela wethuluzi lomshini emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ovumelana nezimo ubhekisela emandleni ethuluzi lomshini ukwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo umshini wezinqubo eziningi zezinhlobo ezifanayo noma ezihlukene zezinqubo zenqubo ngokohlelo lwemishini ye-CNC ngemva kokubopha ucezu lokusebenzela ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuze kuqedelwe izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuklama ezifana nokujika, ukugaya, ukubhola, ukubhoreka, ukugaya, ukucofa okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukucofa okuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuqondene nezingxenye ze-prismatic, izikhungo zomshini zingamathuluzi omshini ajwayelekile kakhulu enza ukucubungula okuhlanganisiwe kwezinqubo eziningi kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo yenqubo. Kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi umshini ohlanganisa ithuluzi lomshini ungathuthukisa ukunemba nokusebenza kahle kwemishini, wonge isikhala, futhi unciphise ikakhulukazi umjikelezo womshini wezingxenye.
5. I-Polyaxialization
Ngokuthandwa kwezinhlelo ze-CNC zokuxhumanisa ama-axis angu-5 nesofthiwe yokuhlela, izikhungo zamashini ezilawulwa yi-axis ezi-5 kanye nemishini yokugaya ye-CNC (izikhungo zomshini eziqondile) seziphenduke indawo yokuthuthukisa yamanje. Ngenxa yobulula bokulawula kokuxhumanisa kwe-axis engu-5 ohlelweni lwe-CNC lwabasiki bebhola ekugcineni lapho bekhiqiza izindawo ezikhululekile, kanye nekhono lokulondoloza isivinini esiphusile sabasiki bebhola abaqeda ama-milling ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya yezindawo ze-3D, Ngenxa yalokho, ubulukhuni bendawo yomshini buyathuthukiswa kakhulu futhi ukusebenza kahle kwemishini kuba ngcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kumathuluzi omshini olawulwayo wokuxhumanisa ama-axis angu-3, akunakwenzeka ukugwema ukuphela komsiki wokugaya ibhola ngesivinini sokusika esiseduze noziro ekubambeni iqhaza ekusikeni. Ngakho-ke, amathuluzi omshini wokuxhumanisa ama-axis angu-5 asephenduke ingqikithi yokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo nokuncintisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu bamathuluzi omshini ngenxa yezinzuzo zabo zokusebenza ezingenakubuyiseleka.
Muva nje, amazwe angaphandle asacwaninga ukulawulwa kokuxhumanisa kwe-6-eksisi esebenzisa amathuluzi okusika angajikelezi ezikhungweni zemishini. Nakuba ukwakheka kwawo kwemishini kungavinjelwe futhi ukujula kokusika kungaba mncane kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kwemishini kuphansi kakhulu futhi kunzima ukusebenziseka.
6. Ubuhlakani
Intelligence iyisiqondiso esikhulu sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ekhulwini lama-21. I-Intelligent machining iwuhlobo lomshini olususelwe kulawulo lwenethiwekhi ye-neural, isilawuli esingaqondakali, ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi yedijithali, kanye nethiyori. Ihlose ukulingisa imisebenzi ehlakaniphile yochwepheshe babantu ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza imishini, ukuze kuxazululwe izinkinga eziningi ezingaqinisekile ezidinga ukungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla. Okuqukethwe kwezobuhlakani kufaka phakathi izici ezahlukahlukene ezinhlelweni ze-CNC:
Ukuphishekela ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula okuhlakaniphile kanye nekhwalithi, njengokulawula okuguquguqukayo nokukhiqiza okuzenzakalelayo kwemingcele yenqubo;
Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokushayela kanye nokwenza lula ukuxhumana okuhlakaniphile, okufana nokulawula i-feedforward, ukubala okuguquguqukayo kwamapharamitha emoto, ukuhlonza okuzenzakalelayo kwemithwalo, ukukhetha okuzenzakalelayo kwamamodeli, ukuzishuna ngokwakho, njll;
Ukuhlela okwenziwe lula nokusebenza okukhaliphile, njengokuhlela okuzenzakalelayo okuhlakaniphile, isikhombimsebenzisi esihlakaniphile somshini womuntu, njll;
Ukuxilongwa okuhlakaniphile nokuqapha kusiza ukuxilongwa nokugcinwa kwesistimu.
Kunezinhlelo eziningi ezihlakaniphile zokusika nemishini ngaphansi kocwaningo emhlabeni, phakathi kwazo izixazululo ezihlakaniphile ze-Japan Intelligent CNC Device Research Association zokumba zimelela.
7. Inethiwekhi
Ukulawulwa kwenethiwekhi kwamathuluzi omshini ikakhulukazi kubhekisela ekuxhumekeni kwenethiwekhi nokulawula kwenethiwekhi phakathi kwethuluzi lomshini nezinye izinhlelo zokulawula zangaphandle noma amakhompyutha aphezulu ngohlelo lwe-CNC oluhlomile. Amathuluzi omshini we-CNC ngokuvamile aqala abhekane nesizinda sokukhiqiza kanye ne-LAN yangaphakathi yebhizinisi, bese exhuma ngaphandle kwebhizinisi nge-inthanethi, ebizwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-inthanethi/I-inthanethi.
Ngokukhula nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi, imboni isanda kuphakamisa umqondo wokukhiqiza kwedijithali. Ukukhiqizwa kwedijithali, okwaziwa nangokuthi "i-e-manufacturing", kungenye yezimpawu zesimanje ezinkampanini ezikhiqiza imishini kanye nendlela yokuhlinzeka ejwayelekile yabakhiqizi bamathuluzi emishini athuthukile bamazwe ngamazwe namuhla. Ngokwamukelwa okusabalele kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, abasebenzisi basekhaya abaningi ngokwengeziwe badinga izinsizakalo zokuxhumana ezikude neminye imisebenzi lapho bengenisa amathuluzi omshini we-CNC. Ngokwesisekelo sokwamukelwa okusabalele kwe-CAD/CAM, amabhizinisi akhiqiza imishini aya ngokuya esebenzisa imishini yemishini ye-CNC. Isofthiwe yesicelo se-CNC iya ngokuya inotha futhi isebenziseka kalula. Idizayini ebonakalayo, ukukhiqiza okubonakalayo nobunye ubuchwepheshe kuya ngokuya kuqhutshekelwa yizisebenzi zobunjiniyela nezobuchwepheshe. Ukushintsha ihadiwe eyinkimbinkimbi ngobuhlakani besoftware sekuba umkhuba obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamathuluzi emishini yesimanje. Ngaphansi komgomo wokukhiqiza kwedijithali, inani lesofthiwe yokuphatha amabhizinisi athuthukile njenge-ERP iye yavela ngenqubo yokwakhiwa kabusha nokuguqulwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, nokudala izinzuzo eziphezulu zomnotho zamabhizinisi.
8. Ukuvumelana nezimo
Ukuthambekela kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC kuya ezinhlelweni ezishintshashintshayo ezishintshayo wukuthuthuka ukusuka endaweni (umshini owodwa we-CNC, isikhungo somshini, kanye nomshini womshini oyinhlanganisela ye-CNC), ulayini (FMC, FMS, FTL, FML) ukuya phezulu (isiqhingi esizimele sokukhiqiza, i-FA), kanye nomzimba (CIMS, uhlelo oludidiyelwe lwenethiwekhi olusabalalisiwe), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni nasekumnothoni. Ubuchwepheshe be-automation obuguquguqukayo buyindlela eyinhloko yokuthi imboni yokukhiqiza ivumelane nezimfuno zemakethe ezinamandla futhi ibuyekeze imikhiqizo ngokushesha. Kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile wokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza emazweni ahlukahlukene kanye nobuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo emkhakheni wokukhiqiza osezingeni eliphezulu. Igxile ekuthuthukiseni ukwethembeka nokusebenza kohlelo, ngenhloso yokuxhumana okulula nokuhlanganiswa; Gcizelela ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono kobuchwepheshe beyunithi; Umshini owodwa we-CNC uthuthukela ekunembeni okuphezulu, isivinini esikhulu, nokuguquguquka okuphezulu; Amathuluzi omshini we-CNC kanye nezinhlelo zawo zokukhiqiza eziguquguqukayo zingaxhunywa kalula ne-CAD, i-CAM, i-CAPP, i-MTS, futhi ithuthuke ekuhlanganisweni kolwazi; Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zenethiwekhi maqondana nokuvuleleka, ukuhlanganiswa, kanye nobuhlakani.
9. Ukwenza luhlaza
Amathuluzi omshini wokusika insimbi wekhulu lama-21 kumele abeke phambili ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokongiwa kwamandla, okungukuthi, ukufeza ukutshala kwezinqubo zokusika. Njengamanje, lobu buchwepheshe bokucutshungulwa okuluhlaza ikakhulukazi bugxile ekungasebenzisini uketshezi lokusika, ikakhulukazi ngoba uketshezi lokusika alungcolisi imvelo kuphela futhi lubeke engozini impilo yabasebenzi, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza namandla. Ukusika okomile ngokuvamile kwenziwa emkhathini womoya, kodwa kuhlanganisa nokusika ezindaweni ezikhethekile zegesi (i-nitrogen, umoya obandayo, noma ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa i-electrostatic okomile) ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uketshezi lokusika. Kodwa-ke, ezindleleni ezithile zomshini kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-workpiece, ukusika okomile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uketshezi lokusika okwamanje kunzima ukukusebenzisa ekusebenzeni, ngakho-ke i-quasi dry cutting with minimal lubrication (MQL) iye yavela. Njengamanje, i-10-15% yokucutshungulwa kwemishini emikhulu eYurophu isebenzisa ukusika okomile nokomile. Ngamathuluzi omshini afana nezikhungo zomshini eziklanyelwe izindlela eziningi zokunyathelisa / inhlanganisela ye-workpiece, i-quasi dry cutting isetshenziswa kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngokufafaza ingxube yamanani amancane kakhulu okusika amafutha nomoya ocindezelwe endaweni yokusika ngokusebenzisa umzila ongenalutho ngaphakathi kwe-spindle yomshini kanye nethuluzi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zemishini yokusika insimbi, umshini wokugaya igiya yiwona osetshenziswa kakhulu ukusika okomile.
Kafushane, inqubekelaphambili kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bethuluzi lomshini we-CNC kunikeze izimo ezikahle zokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yesimanje yokukhiqiza, ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza kubheke ekuqondeni komuntu. Kungabonwa kusengaphambili ukuthi ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bethuluzi lomshini we-CNC kanye nokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamathuluzi omshini we-CNC, imboni yokukhiqiza izoletha uguquko olujulile olunganyakazisa imodeli yokukhiqiza evamile.