《Izimfuneko kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezingxenye Ze-Spindle Zemishini Yokugaya Ye-CNC》
I. Isingeniso
Njengemishini ebalulekile yokucubungula embonini yesimanje yokukhiqiza, ukusebenza kwemishini yokugaya ye-CNC kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yokucubungula nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Njengenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zemishini yokugaya ye-CNC, ingxenye yokuphotha idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele kwethuluzi lomshini. Ingxenye yokuphotha yenziwe ngokuphotha, ukusekela okuphothayo, izingxenye ezijikelezayo ezifakwe ku-spindle, nezici zokuvala. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwethuluzi lomshini, i-spindle ishayela ucezu lokusebenza noma ithuluzi lokusika ukuze libambe iqhaza ngokuqondile ekunyakazeni kokwakhiwa kwendawo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izidingo zengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC kanye nokwenza umklamo olungiselelwe kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula yethuluzi lomshini.
Njengemishini ebalulekile yokucubungula embonini yesimanje yokukhiqiza, ukusebenza kwemishini yokugaya ye-CNC kuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yokucubungula nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Njengenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zemishini yokugaya ye-CNC, ingxenye yokuphotha idlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele kwethuluzi lomshini. Ingxenye yokuphotha yenziwe ngokuphotha, ukusekela okuphothayo, izingxenye ezijikelezayo ezifakwe ku-spindle, nezici zokuvala. Ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwethuluzi lomshini, i-spindle ishayela ucezu lokusebenza noma ithuluzi lokusika ukuze libambe iqhaza ngokuqondile ekunyakazeni kokwakhiwa kwendawo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izidingo zengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC kanye nokwenza umklamo olungiselelwe kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula yethuluzi lomshini.
II. Izidingo ze-Spindle Components of CNC Milling Machines
- Ukunemba okuphezulu kokujikeleza
Uma i-spindle yomshini wokugaya we-CNC yenza umnyakazo ojikelezayo, umkhondo wephoyinti onejubane elinguziro lomugqa ubizwa ngokuthi umugqa omaphakathi ojikelezayo we-spindle. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, indawo ye-centerline yokujikeleza kufanele ilungiswe futhi ingashintshi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-centerline ejikelezayo ekahle. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yethonya lezici ezihlukahlukene engxenyeni yokuphotha, isikhundla sendawo ye-centerline ejikelezayo sishintsha njalo umzuzu. Indawo yangempela yendawo yomugqa omaphakathi ojikelezayo ngokuphazima kweso ibizwa ngokuthi indawo esheshayo yomugqa omaphakathi ojikelezayo. Ibanga elihlobene nomugqa ophakathi nendawo ozungezayo yiphutha lokujikeleza le-spindle. Ububanzi bephutha lokuzungeza ukunemba kokujikeleza kwe-spindle.
Iphutha le-radial, iphutha le-angular, kanye nephutha le-axial akuvamile ukuba khona yedwa. Uma iphutha le-radial kanye nephutha le-angular kukhona ngesikhathi esisodwa, bakha ukuphuma kwe-radial; uma iphutha le-axial kanye nephutha le-angular kukhona ngesikhathi esisodwa, bakha ukuphela kobuso bokuphela. Ukucubungula okunembayo okuphezulu kudinga ukuthi i-spindle ibe nokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kokujikeleza ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yokucubungula yezingcezu zokusebenza. - Ukuqina okuphezulu
Ukuqina kwengxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kubhekisela ekhonweni le-spindle ukumelana nokuguquka lapho kuphoqelelwa. Uma kukhulu ukuqina kwengxenye yokuphotha, kuncane ukuguqulwa kwe-spindle ngemva kokuphoqwa. Ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla okusika namanye amandla, i-spindle izokhiqiza i-deformation elastic. Uma ukuqina kwengxenye ye-spindle kunganele, kuzoholela ekwehleni kokunemba kokucubungula, kulimaze izimo ezijwayelekile zokusebenza zama-bearings, ukusheshisa ukuguga, nokunciphisa ukunemba.
Ukuqina kwe-spindle kuhlobene nosayizi wesakhiwo se-spindle, isikhathi sokusekela, uhlobo nokucushwa kwama-bearings akhethiwe, ukulungiswa kwe-bearing clearance, kanye nokuma kwezakhi ezijikelezayo ku-spindle. Ukuklama okunengqondo kwesakhiwo sokuphotha, ukukhethwa kwama-bearings afanelekile nezindlela zokumisa, nokulungiswa okufanele kwe-bearing clearance kungathuthukisa ukuqina kwengxenye yokuphotha. - Ukumelana nokudlidliza okuqinile
Ukumelana nokudlidliza kwengxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kubhekisela ekhonweni le-spindle ukuze lihlale lizinzile futhi lingadlidlizi ngesikhathi sokusika. Uma ukumelana nokudlidliza kwengxenye yokuphotha kungalungile, kulula ukukhiqiza ukudlidliza phakathi nomsebenzi, kuthinte ikhwalithi yokucubungula ngisho namathuluzi okusika alimazayo namathuluzi omshini.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokudlidliza kwengxenye yokuphotha, ama-bearings angaphambili anesilinganiso esikhulu somswakama avame ukusetshenziswa. Uma kunesidingo, ama-absorbers okwethuka kufanele afakwe ukuze enze imvamisa yemvelo yengxenye yokuphotha ibe mkhulu kakhulu kunemvamisa yamandla okuvusa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana nokudlidliza kwe-spindle kungabuye kuthuthukiswe ngokuthuthukisa isakhiwo sokuphotha kanye nokwenza ngcono ukucutshungulwa nokunemba komhlangano. - Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi
Ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwengxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kungabangela imiphumela eminingi emibi. Okokuqala, ingxenye yokuphotha kanye nebhokisi kuzokhubaza ngenxa yokwanda okushisayo, okuholela ekushintsheni kwezikhundla ezihambisanayo zomugqa ophakathi nendawo ojikelezayo we-spindle nezinye izakhi zethuluzi lomshini, okuthinta ngokuqondile ukunemba kokucubungula. Okwesibili, izakhi ezinjengama-bearings zizoshintsha imvume elungisiwe ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile, zicekele phansi izimo zokugcoba ezivamile, zithinte ukusebenza okuvamile kwama-bearings, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, zibangele ngisho "ne-bearing seizure" isenzakalo.
Ukuxazulula inkinga yokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, imishini ye-CNC ngokuvamile isebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphotha lokushisa elingashintshi. I-spindle ipholiswa ngesistimu yokupholisa ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lokuphotha ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhethwa okunengqondo kwezinhlobo zokuzala, izindlela zokugcoba, nezakhiwo zokukhipha ukushisa nakho kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa kwe-spindle. - Ukumelana okuhle kokugqoka
Ingxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kumele ibe nokumelana okwanele kokugqoka ukuze kugcinwe ukunemba isikhathi eside. Izingxenye eziguga kalula ku-spindle yizingxenye zokufakwa kwamathuluzi okusika noma ama-workpieces kanye nendawo yokusebenza ye-spindle uma ihamba. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqoka, izingxenye ezingenhla ze-spindle kufanele ziqiniswe, njengokucisha, i-carburizing, njll., ukwandisa ubulukhuni nokumelana nokugqoka.
Ama-spindle bearings nawo adinga ukugcotshwa okuhle ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana nokuguga nokuthuthukisa ukumelana nokuguga. Ukukhetha izinto zokugcoba ezifanele nezindlela zokuthambisa kanye nokugcina njalo i-spindle kungandisa impilo yesevisi yengxenye yokuphotha.
III. Idizayini Yokuthuthukisa Yezingxenye Ze-Spindle Yemishini Yokugaya Ye-CNC
- Ukwenza ngcono kwesakhiwo
Dizayina ngokunengqondo umumo wesakhiwo nosayizi wephini lokuphotha ukuze unciphise isisindo kanye nomzuzu we-inertia ye-spindle futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza okuguquguqukayo kwe-spindle. Isibonelo, isakhiwo sokuphotha esingenalutho singamukelwa ukunciphisa isisindo se-spindle ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa ukuqina nokumelana nokudlidliza kwe-spindle.
Lungiselela ubude besikhathi sokusekela kanye nokucushwa kokuthwala kwe-spindle. Ngokuya ngezidingo zokucubungula kanye nezici zesakhiwo sethuluzi lomshini, khetha izinhlobo ezifanele zokuthela kanye nenani ukuze uthuthukise ukuqina nokunemba kokujikeleza kwe-spindle.
Yamukela izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe nezinto zokwakha ukuze uthuthukise ukunemba kokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yangaphezulu ye-spindle, unciphise ukungqubuzana nokuguga, futhi uthuthukise ukumelana nokuguga nempilo yesevisi ye-spindle. - Ukukhetha ukukhetha kanye nokwenza kahle
Khetha izinhlobo ezifanele zokuthwala kanye nezici. Ngokuya ngezici ezifana nesivinini sokuphotha, izimfuneko zomthwalo, nokunemba, khetha amabhereli anokuqina okuphezulu, ukunemba okuphezulu, nokusebenza kwesivinini esiphezulu. Isibonelo, ama-angular contact ball bearings, ama-cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, njll.
Lungiselela ukulayisha kuqala nokulungiswa kokuvunyelwa kwamabheringi. Ngokulungisa ngokufanele ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kanye nokuvunyelwa kwama-bearings, ukuqina nokunemba kokujikeleza kwe-spindle kungathuthukiswa, kuyilapho ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa nokudlidliza kwama-bearings kungancishiswa.
Yamukela ubuchwepheshe bokuthambisa kanye nokupholisa. Khetha izinto zokugcoba ezifanele nezindlela zokuthambisa, ezifana nokuthambisa inkungu kawoyela, ukuthambisa komoya kawoyela, nokuthambisa okujikelezayo, ukuze uthuthukise umphumela wokugcoba wamabheringi, unciphise ukungqubuzana nokuguga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sebenzisa isistimu yokupholisa ukuze upholise ama-bearings futhi ugcine izinga lokushisa lokuthwala lingaphakathi kwebanga elifanele. - Umklamo wokumelana nokudlidliza
Yamukela izakhiwo nezinto ezibamba ukushaqeka, njengokufaka izinto ezimunca ukushaqeka nokusebenzisa izinto zokuswakama, ukuze unciphise ukudlidliza kwe-spindle.
Lungiselela idizayini yebhalansi eguqukayo ye-spindle. Ngokulungisa okunembile kwebhalansi okuguquguqukayo, nciphisa inani elingalingani lokuphotha futhi unciphise ukudlidliza nomsindo.
Thuthukisa ukucutshungulwa nokunemba kokuhlanganiswa kwe-spindle ukuze unciphise ukudlidliza okubangelwa amaphutha okukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa okungafanele. - Ukulawula ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa
Dizayina isakhiwo sokuqeda ukushisa esiphusile, esifana nokwengeza amasinki okushisa nokusebenzisa amashaneli okupholisa, ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okukhipha ukushisa kwe-spindle nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa.
Lungiselela indlela yokugcoba kanye nokukhetha okokugcoba kwe-spindle ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhiqiza ukushisa okungqubuzanayo nokunciphisa izinga lokushisa.
Yamukela isistimu yokuqapha izinga lokushisa nokulawula ukuqapha ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwe-spindle ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma izinga lokushisa lidlula inani elibekiwe, isistimu yokupholisa iqalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ezinye izinyathelo zokupholisa ziyathathwa. - Ukuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugqoka
Yenza ukwelashwa okungaphezulu ezingxenyeni ezigugile kalula ze-spindle, ezifana nokucisha, i-carburizing, i-nitriding, njll., ukuze uthuthukise ukuqina kwendawo kanye nokumelana nokugqoka.
Khetha ithuluzi elifanele lokusika kanye nezindlela zokufaka izingcezu zokusebenza ukuze unciphise ukuguga ku-spindle.
Gcina i-spindle njalo futhi ushintshe izingxenye ezigugile ngesikhathi ukuze ugcine i-spindle isesimweni esihle.
IV. Isiphetho
Ukusebenza kwengxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kuhlobene ngokuqondile nekhwalithi yokucubungula nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwethuluzi lomshini. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemboni yesimanje yokukhiqiza ukuze kucutshungulwe ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kuyadingeka ukuba nokuqonda okujulile kwezidingo zengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC nokwenza umklamo owenziwe kahle. Ngezinyathelo ezinjengokwenza kahle kwesakhiwo, ukukhetha okukhona kanye nokwenza kahle, idizayini yokumelana nokudlidliza, ukulawula ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugqoka, ukunemba kokujikeleza, ukuqina, ukumelana nokudlidliza, ukusebenza kokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, nokumelana nokugqokwa kwengxenye yokuphotha kungathuthukiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okuphelele kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula yomshini wokugaya we-CNC. Ezinhlelweni ezingokoqobo, ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zokucubungula kanye nezici zesakhiwo sethuluzi lomshini, izici ezihlukahlukene kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokugcwele futhi isikimu sokuthuthukisa esifanelekile kufanele sikhethwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC.
Ukusebenza kwengxenye yokuphotha yomshini wokugaya we-CNC kuhlobene ngokuqondile nekhwalithi yokucubungula nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwethuluzi lomshini. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemboni yesimanje yokukhiqiza ukuze kucutshungulwe ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu, kuyadingeka ukuba nokuqonda okujulile kwezidingo zengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC nokwenza umklamo owenziwe kahle. Ngezinyathelo ezinjengokwenza kahle kwesakhiwo, ukukhetha okukhona kanye nokwenza kahle, idizayini yokumelana nokudlidliza, ukulawula ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana nokugqoka, ukunemba kokujikeleza, ukuqina, ukumelana nokudlidliza, ukusebenza kokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, nokumelana nokugqokwa kwengxenye yokuphotha kungathuthukiswa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza okuphelele kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula yomshini wokugaya we-CNC. Ezinhlelweni ezingokoqobo, ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile zokucubungula kanye nezici zesakhiwo sethuluzi lomshini, izici ezihlukahlukene kufanele zicatshangelwe ngokugcwele futhi isikimu sokuthuthukisa esifanelekile kufanele sikhethwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwengxenye yokuphotha yemishini yokugaya ye-CNC.