"Incazelo Eningiliziwe Yokubunjwa Nezimfuneko Zohlelo Lwe-Servo Lwezikhungo Zomshini"
I. Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-servo yezikhungo zomshini
Ezikhungweni zemishini yesimanje, uhlelo lwe-servo ludlala indima ebalulekile. Yakhiwe ngamasekethe e-servo, amadivaysi e-servo drive, izindlela zokuhambisa ngomshini, kanye nezingxenye ezisebenzayo.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesistimu ye-servo ukuthola isivinini sokuphakelayo kanye namasiginali womyalo wokufuduka okhishwe uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo. Okokuqala, isifunda se-servo drive sizokwenza ukuguqulwa okuthile kanye nokukhulisa amandla kulawa masignali womyalo. Bese, ngamadivaysi e-servo drive anjengama-stepper motors, ama-DC servo motors, ama-AC servo motors, njll., kanye nezindlela zokudlulisa ngomshini, izingxenye ezisebenzayo ezifana nethebula lokusebenza lethuluzi lomshini kanye ne-spindle headstock ziqhutshwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukudla komsebenzi kanye nokunyakaza okusheshayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi emishinini yokulawula izinombolo, idivayisi ye-CNC ifana "nobuchopho" obukhipha imiyalo, kuyilapho isistimu ye-servo iyindlela yokuphatha, "njengezitho" zomshini wokulawula izinombolo, futhi ingakwazi ukwenza ngokunembile imiyalo yokunyakaza evela kudivayisi ye-CNC.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokushayela zamathuluzi omshini ojwayelekile, uhlelo lwe-servo lwezikhungo zomshini lunomehluko obalulekile. Ingakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile isivinini sokunyakaza kanye nesimo sezingxenye ezishukumisayo ngokuya ngamasignali womyalo, futhi ingabona umzila wokunyakaza ohlanganiswe izingxenye eziningana ezishukumisayo ezihamba ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile. Lokhu kudinga isistimu ye-servo ukuthi ibe nezinga eliphezulu lokunemba, ukuzinza, kanye nekhono lokuphendula ngokushesha.
Ezikhungweni zemishini yesimanje, uhlelo lwe-servo ludlala indima ebalulekile. Yakhiwe ngamasekethe e-servo, amadivaysi e-servo drive, izindlela zokuhambisa ngomshini, kanye nezingxenye ezisebenzayo.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesistimu ye-servo ukuthola isivinini sokuphakelayo kanye namasiginali womyalo wokufuduka okhishwe uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo. Okokuqala, isifunda se-servo drive sizokwenza ukuguqulwa okuthile kanye nokukhulisa amandla kulawa masignali womyalo. Bese, ngamadivaysi e-servo drive anjengama-stepper motors, ama-DC servo motors, ama-AC servo motors, njll., kanye nezindlela zokudlulisa ngomshini, izingxenye ezisebenzayo ezifana nethebula lokusebenza lethuluzi lomshini kanye ne-spindle headstock ziqhutshwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukudla komsebenzi kanye nokunyakaza okusheshayo. Kungashiwo ukuthi emishinini yokulawula izinombolo, idivayisi ye-CNC ifana "nobuchopho" obukhipha imiyalo, kuyilapho isistimu ye-servo iyindlela yokuphatha, "njengezitho" zomshini wokulawula izinombolo, futhi ingakwazi ukwenza ngokunembile imiyalo yokunyakaza evela kudivayisi ye-CNC.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zokushayela zamathuluzi omshini ojwayelekile, uhlelo lwe-servo lwezikhungo zomshini lunomehluko obalulekile. Ingakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile isivinini sokunyakaza kanye nesimo sezingxenye ezishukumisayo ngokuya ngamasignali womyalo, futhi ingabona umzila wokunyakaza ohlanganiswe izingxenye eziningana ezishukumisayo ezihamba ngokuvumelana nemithetho ethile. Lokhu kudinga isistimu ye-servo ukuthi ibe nezinga eliphezulu lokunemba, ukuzinza, kanye nekhono lokuphendula ngokushesha.
II. Izidingo zezinhlelo ze-servo
- Ukunemba okuphezulu
Imishini yokulawula izinombolo isebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokohlelo olunqunywe kusengaphambili. Ngakho-ke, ukucubungula ama-workpieces asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu, isistimu ye-servo ngokwayo kufanele ibe nokunemba okuphezulu. Ngokuvamile, ukunemba kufanele kufinyelele izinga le-micron. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ekukhiqizeni kwesimanjemanje, izidingo zokunemba zezingcezu zokusebenza ziya ngokuya ngokuya phezulu. Ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana ne-aerospace, ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, kanye nemishini kagesi, ngisho nephutha elincane lingaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu.
Ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawula okunembayo okuphezulu, isistimu ye-servo idinga ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa obuthuthukisiwe obufana nezifaki khodi namarula okugaya ukuze kuqashwe indawo nesivinini sezingxenye ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, idivayisi ye-servo drive nayo idinga ukuba ne-algorithm yokulawula ukunemba okuphezulu ukuze ulawule ngokunembile isivinini kanye ne-torque ye-motor. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba kwendlela yokudlulisa ngomshini nakho kunomthelela obalulekile ekunembeni kwesistimu ye-servo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uklama futhi ukhiqiza izikhungo zokwenza imishini, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhethe izingxenye zokudlulisela ezinembayo eziphezulu njengezikulufu zebhola neziqondiso zomugqa ukuze kuqinisekiswe izidingo zokunemba zesistimu ye-servo. - Ukusabela okusheshayo okusheshayo
Ukusabela okusheshayo kungenye yezimpawu ezibalulekile zekhwalithi eguquguqukayo yesistimu ye-servo. Kudinga ukuthi isistimu ye-servo ibe nephutha elincane elilandelayo kulandela isignali yomyalo, futhi ibe nokusabela okusheshayo nokuzinza okuhle. Ngokucacile, kuyadingeka ukuthi ngemva kokufaka okunikeziwe, isistimu ingafinyelela noma ibuyisele isimo sangempela esizinzile ngesikhathi esifushane, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-200ms noma inqwaba yama-millisecond.
Ikhono lokuphendula ngokushesha linomthelela obalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yokucubungula yezikhungo zemishini. Emishinini yesivinini esikhulu, isikhathi sokuxhumana phakathi kwethuluzi nomsebenzi sifushane kakhulu. Isistimu ye-servo idinga ukukwazi ukuphendula isignali yomyalo ngokushesha futhi ilungise isikhundla nesivinini sethuluzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lapho kucutshungulwa ama-workpieces anomumo oyinkimbinkimbi, isistimu ye-servo idinga ukukwazi ukuphendula ngokushesha ezinguqukweni zamasiginali womyalo futhi ibone ukulawulwa kokuxhumanisa kwama-axis amaningi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kokucubungula nokusebenza kahle.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono lokuphendula elisheshayo lohlelo lwe-servo, amadivaysi e-servo drive asebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nama-algorithms okulawula adinga ukwamukelwa. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ama-AC servo motors, anesivinini sokuphendula esisheshayo, i-torque enkulu, kanye nebanga lokulawula isivinini esibanzi, angahlangabezana nezidingo zemishini yesivinini esikhulu sezikhungo zokulungisa imishini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwamukela ama-algorithms okulawula okuthuthukile njengokulawula kwe-PID, ukulawula okungaqondakali, nokulawulwa kwenethiwekhi ye-neural kungathuthukisa isivinini sokuphendula nokuzinza kwesistimu ye-servo. - Ibanga elikhulu lokulawula isivinini
Ngenxa yamathuluzi okusika ahlukene, izinto zokusebenza, kanye nezidingo zokucubungula, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini yokulawula izinombolo ingathola izimo ezingcono kakhulu zokusika ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, uhlelo lwe-servo kufanele lube nebanga elanele lokulawula isivinini. Ingakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomshini wesivinini esikhulu kanye nezidingo zokuphakelayo ezinesivinini esiphansi.
Emashini anesivinini esikhulu, isistimu ye-servo idinga ukukwazi ukuhlinzeka ngesivinini esikhulu nokusheshisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula. Ngenkathi isondla ngesivinini esiphansi, isistimu ye-servo idinga ukukwazi ukuhlinzeka nge-torque enesivinini esiphansi esizinzile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba kokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yendawo. Ngakho-ke, uhla lokulawula isivinini sesistimu ye-servo ngokuvamile ludinga ukufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa noma ngisho namashumi ezinkulungwane zemijikelezo ngomzuzu.
Ukuze kuzuzwe uhla olukhulu lokulawula isivinini, amadivaysi e-servo drive asebenza kahle kanye nezindlela zokulawula isivinini kudingeka kwamukelwe. Isibonelo, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokulawula isivinini esishintshashintshayo se-AC kungathola ukulawulwa kwesivinini esingenasinyathelo semoto, ngebanga elibanzi lokulawula isivinini, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, nokuthembeka okuhle. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwamukela ama-algorithms okulawula okuthuthukile njengokulawula i-vector nokulawulwa kwe-torque eqondile kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kokulawulwa kwesivinini nokusebenza kahle kwemoto. - Ukuthembeka okuphezulu
Izinga lokusebenza kwemishini yokulawula izinombolo liphezulu kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile isebenza ngokuqhubekayo amahora angu-24. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka basebenze ngokwethembeka. Ukuthembeka kwesistimu kuvame ukususelwa enanini elimaphakathi lobude bezikhawu zesikhathi phakathi kokuhluleka, okungukuthi, isikhathi esimaphakathi ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Uma lesi sikhathi siside, kungcono.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwethembeka kwesistimu ye-servo, izingxenye zekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezithuthukisiwe zidinga ukwamukelwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlolwa okuqinile nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yesistimu ye-servo kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuzinzile nokuthembekile. Ukwengeza, ubuchwepheshe bokuklama nokuxilonga okungadingekile kufanele kwamukelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubekezelela amaphutha kanye namakhono okuxilongwa kwamaphutha kohlelo ukuze lulungiswe ngesikhathi lapho iphutha lenzeka futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile kwesikhungo somshini. - I-torque enkulu ngesivinini esiphansi
Imishini yokulawula izinombolo ivame ukwenza ukusika okunzima ngesivinini esiphansi. Ngakho-ke, isistimu ye-servo yokuphakelayo iyadingeka ukuthi ibe nokukhishwa kwe-torque enkulu ngesivinini esiphansi ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zokusika ukucutshungulwa.
Ngesikhathi sokusika okunzima, amandla okusika phakathi kwethuluzi kanye ne-workpiece makhulu kakhulu. Uhlelo lwe-servo ludinga ukukwazi ukunikeza i-torque eyanele ukunqoba amandla okusika nokuqinisekisa inqubekela phambili ebushelelezi yokucubungula. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphuma kwe-torque ephezulu ngesivinini esiphansi, amadivaysi e-servo drive asebenza kahle namamotho kumele amukelwe. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa ama-motor synchronous kazibuthe unomphela, anokuqina kwe-torque ephezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, nokuthembeka okuhle, angahlangabezana nezidingo ze-torque esezingeni eliphansi zezikhungo zokulungisa imishini. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwamukela ama-algorithms okulawula okuthuthukile njengokulawula kwe-torque eqondile kungathuthukisa amandla okukhipha i-torque nokusebenza kahle kwemoto.
Sengiphetha, uhlelo lwe-servo lwezikhungo zomshini luyingxenye ebalulekile yemishini yokulawula izinombolo. Ukusebenza kwayo kuthinta ngokuqondile ukunemba kokucubungula, ukusebenza kahle, nokuthembeka kwezikhungo zomshini. Ngakho-ke, lapho uklama futhi ukhiqiza izikhungo zemishini, ukwakheka kanye nezidingo zesistimu ye-servo kufanele kubhekwe ngokugcwele, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kanye nemishini kufanele kukhethwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yohlelo lwe-servo futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zentuthuko yokukhiqiza yesimanje.