Ukuhlaziywa kanye Nezixazululo Zokuhluleka Kwephampu Kawoyela Ezikhungweni Zomshini
Emkhakheni wokucutshungulwa kwemishini, ukusebenza kahle futhi okuzinzile kwezikhungo zemishini kudlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Njengengxenye eyinhloko yesistimu yokugcoba ezikhungweni zemishini, noma ngabe ipompo likawoyela lisebenza ngokuvamile lithinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza nempilo yethuluzi lomshini. Lesi sihloko sizokwenza ukuhlola okujulile kokwehluleka okuvamile kwamaphampu kawoyela ezikhungweni zemishini kanye nezixazululo zazo, kuhloswe ngazo ukunikeza isiqondiso esiphelele nesisebenzayo sezobuchwepheshe kubasebenzi bokucubungula imishini, ukubasiza ukuba bahlole ngokushesha futhi baxazulule ukwehluleka kwepompo likawoyela lapho bebhekene nazo, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokuzinzile kwezikhungo zomshini.
I. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezimbangela Ezivamile Zokuhluleka Kwephampu Kawoyela Ezikhungweni Zomshini
(A) Izinga likawoyela elinganele Kumpompi Kawoyela Wesitimela
Izinga likawoyela elinganele empompini kawoyela wesitimela esiwumhlahlandlela ingenye yezimbangela zokwehluleka okuvamile. Uma izinga likawoyela liphansi kakhulu, iphampu kawoyela ayikwazi ukukhipha uwoyela wokugcoba okwanele ngokujwayelekile, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu yokugcoba. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuhlola izinga likawoyela ngesikhathi bese ugcwalisa uwoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo phakathi nokulungiswa kwansuku zonke, noma izinga likawoyela liyancipha kancane kancane ngenxa yokuvuza kukawoyela.
Izinga likawoyela elinganele empompini kawoyela wesitimela esiwumhlahlandlela ingenye yezimbangela zokwehluleka okuvamile. Uma izinga likawoyela liphansi kakhulu, iphampu kawoyela ayikwazi ukukhipha uwoyela wokugcoba okwanele ngokujwayelekile, okuholela ekusebenzeni okungasebenzi kahle kwesistimu yokugcoba. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuhlola izinga likawoyela ngesikhathi bese ugcwalisa uwoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo phakathi nokulungiswa kwansuku zonke, noma izinga likawoyela liyancipha kancane kancane ngenxa yokuvuza kukawoyela.
(B) Ukulimala Kwevaluvu Yokucindezela Kawoyela Yephampu Kawoyela Yezitimela Eziqondisayo
I-valve yokucindezela uwoyela idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umfutho kawoyela kulo lonke uhlelo lokuthambisa. Uma i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela yonakele, izimo ezinjengokucindezela okunganele noma ukungakwazi ukulawula ukucindezela ngokuvamile kungase kwenzeke. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside, i-valve core ngaphakathi kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela ingase ilahlekelwe ukuvala kwayo okujwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi yokulawula ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nokugqoka nokuvinjelwa ukungcola, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukucindezela kokukhishwa kwamafutha kanye nezinga lokugeleza kwepompo likawoyela wesitimela somhlahlandlela.
I-valve yokucindezela uwoyela idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni umfutho kawoyela kulo lonke uhlelo lokuthambisa. Uma i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela yonakele, izimo ezinjengokucindezela okunganele noma ukungakwazi ukulawula ukucindezela ngokuvamile kungase kwenzeke. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside, i-valve core ngaphakathi kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela ingase ilahlekelwe ukuvala kwayo okujwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi yokulawula ngenxa yezizathu ezifana nokugqoka nokuvinjelwa ukungcola, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ukucindezela kokukhishwa kwamafutha kanye nezinga lokugeleza kwepompo likawoyela wesitimela somhlahlandlela.
(C) Ukulimala Kwesekethe Yamafutha Esikhungweni Somshini
Uhlelo lokujikeleza uwoyela esikhungweni somshini luyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi amapayipi kawoyela ahlukahlukene, ama-manifolds kawoyela nezinye izingxenye. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside kwethuluzi lomshini, isifunda samafutha singalimala ngenxa yemithelela yangaphandle, ukudlidliza, ukugqwala nezinye izici. Isibonelo, amapayipi kawoyela angase aqhume noma aphuke, futhi uwoyela oningi ungase ukhubazeke noma uvinjwe, konke okuzovimbela ukuthuthwa okuvamile kwamafutha okugcoba futhi kuholele ekugcobiseni kabi.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza uwoyela esikhungweni somshini luyinkimbinkimbi, kufaka phakathi amapayipi kawoyela ahlukahlukene, ama-manifolds kawoyela nezinye izingxenye. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza isikhathi eside kwethuluzi lomshini, isifunda samafutha singalimala ngenxa yemithelela yangaphandle, ukudlidliza, ukugqwala nezinye izici. Isibonelo, amapayipi kawoyela angase aqhume noma aphuke, futhi uwoyela oningi ungase ukhubazeke noma uvinjwe, konke okuzovimbela ukuthuthwa okuvamile kwamafutha okugcoba futhi kuholele ekugcobiseni kabi.
(D) Ukuvinjwa Kwesikrini Sesihlungi ku-Pump Core yePumpu Yamafutha Kaloliwe Wokuqondisa
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesikrini sokuhlunga emgodleni wepompo ukuhlunga ukungcola emafutheni okugcoba futhi uvimbele ukuthi ungangeni ngaphakathi kwepompo likawoyela futhi ubangele umonakalo. Kodwa-ke, ngokunyuka kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ukungcola okufana namashidi ensimbi nothuli emafutheni okugcoba kancane kancane kuzonqwabelana esikrinini sokuhlunga, okuholela ekuvinjweni kwesikrini sokuhlunga. Uma isikrini sokuhlunga sivinjiwe, ukumelana nokufakwa kukawoyela kwephampu kawoyela kuyanda, umthamo wokungenisa uwoyela uyancipha, bese uthinta umthamo wokunikezwa kukawoyela walo lonke uhlelo lokuthambisa.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesikrini sokuhlunga emgodleni wepompo ukuhlunga ukungcola emafutheni okugcoba futhi uvimbele ukuthi ungangeni ngaphakathi kwepompo likawoyela futhi ubangele umonakalo. Kodwa-ke, ngokunyuka kwesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ukungcola okufana namashidi ensimbi nothuli emafutheni okugcoba kancane kancane kuzonqwabelana esikrinini sokuhlunga, okuholela ekuvinjweni kwesikrini sokuhlunga. Uma isikrini sokuhlunga sivinjiwe, ukumelana nokufakwa kukawoyela kwephampu kawoyela kuyanda, umthamo wokungenisa uwoyela uyancipha, bese uthinta umthamo wokunikezwa kukawoyela walo lonke uhlelo lokuthambisa.
(E) Ukweqa Izinga Lekhwalithi Yomhlahlandlela Wamafutha Kaloliwe Athengwa Ikhasimende
Ukusebenzisa uwoyela wesitimela oqondisayo ongahlangabezani nezimfuneko kungase kubangele ukwehluleka kwepompo likawoyela. Uma izinkomba ezifana ne-viscosity nokusebenza okungahambisani nokugqokwa kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo kungahlangabezani nezidingo zokuklama zephampu kawoyela, izinkinga ezifana nokuguga okwenyuka kwephampu kawoyela kanye nokwehla kokuvala ukusebenza kungase kwenzeke. Isibonelo, uma i-viscosity kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo iphezulu kakhulu, izokwandisa umthwalo empompini yamafutha, futhi uma iphansi kakhulu, ifilimu yokugcoba ephumelelayo ayikwazi ukwakhiwa, okubangela ukungqubuzana okomile phakathi kwezingxenye zephampu yamafutha ngesikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokulimaza iphampu yamafutha.
Ukusebenzisa uwoyela wesitimela oqondisayo ongahlangabezani nezimfuneko kungase kubangele ukwehluleka kwepompo likawoyela. Uma izinkomba ezifana ne-viscosity nokusebenza okungahambisani nokugqokwa kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo kungahlangabezani nezidingo zokuklama zephampu kawoyela, izinkinga ezifana nokuguga okwenyuka kwephampu kawoyela kanye nokwehla kokuvala ukusebenza kungase kwenzeke. Isibonelo, uma i-viscosity kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo iphezulu kakhulu, izokwandisa umthwalo empompini yamafutha, futhi uma iphansi kakhulu, ifilimu yokugcoba ephumelelayo ayikwazi ukwakhiwa, okubangela ukungqubuzana okomile phakathi kwezingxenye zephampu yamafutha ngesikhathi sokusebenza kanye nokulimaza iphampu yamafutha.
(F) Ukusethwa Okungalungile Kwesikhathi Sokugcoba Sephampu Yamafutha Kaloliwe Womhlahlandlela
Isikhathi sokugcoba sepompo likawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo esikhungweni somshini ngokuvamile sisethwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokugcoba zethuluzi lomshini. Uma isikhathi sokugcoba sisethwe side kakhulu noma sifushane kakhulu, sizothinta umphumela wokugcoba. Isikhathi eside sokugcoba amafutha singaholela ekumoshweni kwamafutha okugcoba ngisho nokulimala kwamapayipi kawoyela nezinye izingxenye ngenxa yokucindezela kukawoyela ngokweqile; isikhathi sokugcoba esifushane kakhulu asikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamafutha okugcoba anele, okuholela ekugcobeni okunganele kwezingxenye ezifana nesitimela somhlahlandlela wamathuluzi womshini kanye nokusheshisa ukuguga.
Isikhathi sokugcoba sepompo likawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo esikhungweni somshini ngokuvamile sisethwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokugcoba zethuluzi lomshini. Uma isikhathi sokugcoba sisethwe side kakhulu noma sifushane kakhulu, sizothinta umphumela wokugcoba. Isikhathi eside sokugcoba amafutha singaholela ekumoshweni kwamafutha okugcoba ngisho nokulimala kwamapayipi kawoyela nezinye izingxenye ngenxa yokucindezela kukawoyela ngokweqile; isikhathi sokugcoba esifushane kakhulu asikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamafutha okugcoba anele, okuholela ekugcobeni okunganele kwezingxenye ezifana nesitimela somhlahlandlela wamathuluzi womshini kanye nokusheshisa ukuguga.
(G) I-Circuit Breaker Ebhokisini likagesi Uhambo Ngenxa Yokugcwala Kwephampu Yamafutha Okusika
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokusebenza yepompo yokusika amafutha, uma umthwalo ukhulu kakhulu futhi udlula amandla awo alinganiselwe, kuzoholela ekulayisheni ngokweqile. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-circuit breaker ebhokisini likagesi izohamba ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze ivikele ukuphepha kwesekhethi kanye nemishini. Kungase kube nezizathu ezihlukahlukene zokugcwala ngokweqile kwephampu kawoyela wokusika, njengezinto ezibambekayo ngaphakathi kwephampu kawoyela, i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika ukuba phezulu kakhulu, kanye namaphutha enjini yepompo kawoyela.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokusebenza yepompo yokusika amafutha, uma umthwalo ukhulu kakhulu futhi udlula amandla awo alinganiselwe, kuzoholela ekulayisheni ngokweqile. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-circuit breaker ebhokisini likagesi izohamba ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze ivikele ukuphepha kwesekhethi kanye nemishini. Kungase kube nezizathu ezihlukahlukene zokugcwala ngokweqile kwephampu kawoyela wokusika, njengezinto ezibambekayo ngaphakathi kwephampu kawoyela, i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika ukuba phezulu kakhulu, kanye namaphutha enjini yepompo kawoyela.
(H) Ukuvuza komoya emalungeni ePumpu Yamafutha Okusika
Uma amalunga epompo yamafutha okusika engavalwanga ngokuqinile, ukuvuza komoya kuzokwenzeka. Lapho umoya ungena ohlelweni lwephampu yamafutha, uzophazamisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokumuncwa kwamafutha kanye nokukhishwa kwepompo yamafutha, okuholela ekugelezeni kokugeleza okungazinzile koketshezi lokusika ngisho nokungakwazi ukuthutha uketshezi lokusika ngokujwayelekile. Ukuvuza komoya emalungeni kungase kubangelwe izizathu ezifana nokuxega kwamalunga, ukuguga noma ukulimala kwezimpawu.
Uma amalunga epompo yamafutha okusika engavalwanga ngokuqinile, ukuvuza komoya kuzokwenzeka. Lapho umoya ungena ohlelweni lwephampu yamafutha, uzophazamisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokumuncwa kwamafutha kanye nokukhishwa kwepompo yamafutha, okuholela ekugelezeni kokugeleza okungazinzile koketshezi lokusika ngisho nokungakwazi ukuthutha uketshezi lokusika ngokujwayelekile. Ukuvuza komoya emalungeni kungase kubangelwe izizathu ezifana nokuxega kwamalunga, ukuguga noma ukulimala kwezimpawu.
(I) Ukulimala Kwevavu Yendlela Eyodwa Yephampu Yamafutha Okusika
I-valve yendlela eyodwa idlala indima ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional yoketshezi lokusika empompini yamafutha okusika. Lapho i-valve yendlela eyodwa yonakalisiwe, isimo lapho uketshezi lokusika lugeleza emuva kungase kwenzeke, okuthinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwepompo yamafutha. Isibonelo, i-valve engumgogodla we-valve yendlela eyodwa ingase ingakwazi ukuvala ngokuphelele ngenxa yezizathu ezinjengokuguga nokubambeka ngenxa yokungcola, okuholela ekutheni uketshezi olusikiwe lugeleze lubuyele ethangini likawoyela lapho iphampu iyeka ukusebenza, okudinga ukusungulwa kabusha kwengcindezi uma iqala ngokuzayo, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi futhi ngokunokwenzeka kulimaze injini yepompo kawoyela.
I-valve yendlela eyodwa idlala indima ekulawuleni ukugeleza kwe-unidirectional yoketshezi lokusika empompini yamafutha okusika. Lapho i-valve yendlela eyodwa yonakalisiwe, isimo lapho uketshezi lokusika lugeleza emuva kungase kwenzeke, okuthinta ukusebenza okuvamile kwepompo yamafutha. Isibonelo, i-valve engumgogodla we-valve yendlela eyodwa ingase ingakwazi ukuvala ngokuphelele ngenxa yezizathu ezinjengokuguga nokubambeka ngenxa yokungcola, okuholela ekutheni uketshezi olusikiwe lugeleze lubuyele ethangini likawoyela lapho iphampu iyeka ukusebenza, okudinga ukusungulwa kabusha kwengcindezi uma iqala ngokuzayo, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi futhi ngokunokwenzeka kulimaze injini yepompo kawoyela.
(J) Isekhethi emfishane kuKhoyili Yezithuthuthu Yephampu Yamafutha Okusika
Isekhethi emfishane kukhoyili yenjini ingenye yezinkinga ezingathi sína uma kuqhathaniswa. Lapho isifunda esifushane senzeka kukhoyili yemoto yepompo yamafutha okusika, amandla akhona azokhuphuka kakhulu, abangele ukuthi injini ishise kakhulu futhi iphele. Izizathu zesekethe emfishane ekhoyili yemoto zingabandakanya ukusebenza kokugcwala ngokweqile kwemoto isikhathi eside, ukuguga kwezinto ezivikelayo, ukumuncwa komswakama, nokulimala kwangaphandle.
Isekhethi emfishane kukhoyili yenjini ingenye yezinkinga ezingathi sína uma kuqhathaniswa. Lapho isifunda esifushane senzeka kukhoyili yemoto yepompo yamafutha okusika, amandla akhona azokhuphuka kakhulu, abangele ukuthi injini ishise kakhulu futhi iphele. Izizathu zesekethe emfishane ekhoyili yemoto zingabandakanya ukusebenza kokugcwala ngokweqile kwemoto isikhathi eside, ukuguga kwezinto ezivikelayo, ukumuncwa komswakama, nokulimala kwangaphandle.
(K) Ukuhlehliswa kwesikhombisi-ndlela sokuzungezisa imoto yePumpu Yamafutha Okusika
Uma ukuqondisa okujikelezayo kwe-motor yepompo yamafutha okusika kuphambene nezidingo zokuklama, iphampu yamafutha ngeke ikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi ayikwazi ukukhipha uketshezi lokusika ethangini likawoyela bese iyihambisa endaweni yokucubungula. Ukuhlehla kokuqondisa kwenjini kungase kubangelwe izizathu ezifana nezintambo ezingalungile zenjini noma amaphutha ohlelweni lokulawula.
Uma ukuqondisa okujikelezayo kwe-motor yepompo yamafutha okusika kuphambene nezidingo zokuklama, iphampu yamafutha ngeke ikwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi ayikwazi ukukhipha uketshezi lokusika ethangini likawoyela bese iyihambisa endaweni yokucubungula. Ukuhlehla kokuqondisa kwenjini kungase kubangelwe izizathu ezifana nezintambo ezingalungile zenjini noma amaphutha ohlelweni lokulawula.
II. Izixazululo Eziningiliziwe Zokuhluleka Kwephampu Kawoyela Ezikhungweni Zomshini
(A) Isixazululo Sezinga likawoyela elinganele
Uma kutholakala ukuthi izinga likawoyela wepompo likawoyela wesitimela alanele, uwoyela wesitimela oholayo kufanele ujovwe ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngaphambi kokujova uwoyela, kuyadingeka ukucacisa imininingwane namamodeli kawoyela wesitimela oqondisayo asetshenziswa ithuluzi lomshini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uwoyela owengeziwe uhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ngokucophelela ukuthi akhona yini amaphuzu okuvuza kwamafutha ethuluzini lomshini. Uma ukuvuza kwamafutha kutholakala, kufanele kulungiswe kusenesikhathi ukuze uwoyela ungaphinde ulahleke.
Uma kutholakala ukuthi izinga likawoyela wepompo likawoyela wesitimela alanele, uwoyela wesitimela oholayo kufanele ujovwe ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngaphambi kokujova uwoyela, kuyadingeka ukucacisa imininingwane namamodeli kawoyela wesitimela oqondisayo asetshenziswa ithuluzi lomshini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uwoyela owengeziwe uhlangabezana nezidingo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ngokucophelela ukuthi akhona yini amaphuzu okuvuza kwamafutha ethuluzini lomshini. Uma ukuvuza kwamafutha kutholakala, kufanele kulungiswe kusenesikhathi ukuze uwoyela ungaphinde ulahleke.
(B) Ukuphatha Izinyathelo Zokulimala KweValve Yokucindezela Amafutha
Hlola ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela inomfutho onganele yini. Amathuluzi ochwepheshe okuthola ingcindezi kawoyela angasetshenziswa ukukala ingcindezi yokuphuma kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela futhi ayiqhathanise nezidingo zengcindezi yokuklama yethuluzi lomshini. Uma ukucindezela kunganele, hlola futhi ukuthi zikhona yini izinkinga ezifana nokuvinjelwa ukungcola noma ukuguga kwe-valve core ngaphakathi kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela. Uma kunqunywa ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela yonakele, i-valve entsha yokucindezela uwoyela kufanele ishintshwe ngesikhathi, futhi umfutho kawoyela kufanele ulungiswe kabusha ngemva kokushintshwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ungaphakathi kwebanga elivamile.
Hlola ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela inomfutho onganele yini. Amathuluzi ochwepheshe okuthola ingcindezi kawoyela angasetshenziswa ukukala ingcindezi yokuphuma kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela futhi ayiqhathanise nezidingo zengcindezi yokuklama yethuluzi lomshini. Uma ukucindezela kunganele, hlola futhi ukuthi zikhona yini izinkinga ezifana nokuvinjelwa ukungcola noma ukuguga kwe-valve core ngaphakathi kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela. Uma kunqunywa ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela yonakele, i-valve entsha yokucindezela uwoyela kufanele ishintshwe ngesikhathi, futhi umfutho kawoyela kufanele ulungiswe kabusha ngemva kokushintshwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ungaphakathi kwebanga elivamile.
(C) Amasu Okulungisa Amasekhethi Awoyela Alimele
Endabeni yokulimala kwesifunda samafutha esikhungweni semishini, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwama-circuits kawoyela we-axis ngayinye. Okokuqala, hlola ukuthi zikhona yini izigigaba ezifana nokugqashuka noma ukuphuka kwamapayipi kawoyela. Uma kutholakala umonakalo wamapayipi kawoyela, amapayipi kawoyela kufanele ashintshwe ngokuvumelana nezincazelo zawo kanye nezinto zokwakha. Okwesibili, hlola ukuthi ama-manifolds kawoyela awavimbekile yini, noma kukhona ukuguquguquka noma ukuvaleka. Kuma-multifolds kawoyela avinjiwe, umoya ocindezelweyo noma amathuluzi okuhlanza akhethekile angasetshenziselwa ukuhlanza. Uma ama-manifold kawoyela alimala kabi, kufanele kushintshwe amasha. Ngemuva kokulungisa umjikelezo wamafutha, ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amafutha okugcoba angajikeleza kahle kumjikelezo wamafutha.
Endabeni yokulimala kwesifunda samafutha esikhungweni semishini, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwama-circuits kawoyela we-axis ngayinye. Okokuqala, hlola ukuthi zikhona yini izigigaba ezifana nokugqashuka noma ukuphuka kwamapayipi kawoyela. Uma kutholakala umonakalo wamapayipi kawoyela, amapayipi kawoyela kufanele ashintshwe ngokuvumelana nezincazelo zawo kanye nezinto zokwakha. Okwesibili, hlola ukuthi ama-manifolds kawoyela awavimbekile yini, noma kukhona ukuguquguquka noma ukuvaleka. Kuma-multifolds kawoyela avinjiwe, umoya ocindezelweyo noma amathuluzi okuhlanza akhethekile angasetshenziselwa ukuhlanza. Uma ama-manifold kawoyela alimala kabi, kufanele kushintshwe amasha. Ngemuva kokulungisa umjikelezo wamafutha, ukuhlolwa kokucindezela kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amafutha okugcoba angajikeleza kahle kumjikelezo wamafutha.
(D) Izinyathelo Zokuhlanza Zokuvinjwa Kwesikrini Sesihlungi Ku-Pump Core
Lapho uhlanza isikrini sokuhlunga sephampu kawoyela, qala ngokususa iphampu kawoyela ethuluzini lomshini bese ukhipha ngokucophelela isikrini sokuhlunga. Gcoba isikrini sokuhlunga kumenzeli okhethekile wokuhlanza bese usixubha ngobumnene ngebhulashi elithambile ukuze ususe ukungcola esikrinini sokuhlunga. Ngemva kokuhlanza, yihlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile bese uyomisa emoyeni noma uyiphephethe ngomoya ocindezelweyo. Lapho ufaka isikrini sokuhlunga, qinisekisa ukuthi indawo yaso yokusifaka ilungile futhi uphawu luhle ukuvimbela ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni empompini yamafutha futhi.
Lapho uhlanza isikrini sokuhlunga sephampu kawoyela, qala ngokususa iphampu kawoyela ethuluzini lomshini bese ukhipha ngokucophelela isikrini sokuhlunga. Gcoba isikrini sokuhlunga kumenzeli okhethekile wokuhlanza bese usixubha ngobumnene ngebhulashi elithambile ukuze ususe ukungcola esikrinini sokuhlunga. Ngemva kokuhlanza, yihlanza ngamanzi ahlanzekile bese uyomisa emoyeni noma uyiphephethe ngomoya ocindezelweyo. Lapho ufaka isikrini sokuhlunga, qinisekisa ukuthi indawo yaso yokusifaka ilungile futhi uphawu luhle ukuvimbela ukungcola ukuthi kungangeni empompini yamafutha futhi.
(E) Isixazululo Senkinga Yekhwalithi Yamafutha Omzila Wesitimela
Uma kutholakala ukuthi izinga likawoyela wezitimela eziqondisayo ezithengwe yikhasimende lidlula izinga, uwoyela wezitimela eziwumhlahlandlela ofanelekayo ohlangabezana nezidingo zephampu kawoyela kufanele ushintshwe ngokushesha. Lapho ukhetha uwoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo, bheka iziphakamiso zomkhiqizi wamathuluzi womshini bese ukhetha uwoyela wesitimela oqondisayo one-viscosity efanele, ukusebenza okuhle kokulwa nokugqokwa nokusebenza kwe-antioxidant. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qaphela umkhiqizo kanye nesithunzi sekhwalithi samafutha wesitimela somhlahlandlela ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi yayo ezinzile futhi enokwethenjelwa.
Uma kutholakala ukuthi izinga likawoyela wezitimela eziqondisayo ezithengwe yikhasimende lidlula izinga, uwoyela wezitimela eziwumhlahlandlela ofanelekayo ohlangabezana nezidingo zephampu kawoyela kufanele ushintshwe ngokushesha. Lapho ukhetha uwoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo, bheka iziphakamiso zomkhiqizi wamathuluzi womshini bese ukhetha uwoyela wesitimela oqondisayo one-viscosity efanele, ukusebenza okuhle kokulwa nokugqokwa nokusebenza kwe-antioxidant. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, qaphela umkhiqizo kanye nesithunzi sekhwalithi samafutha wesitimela somhlahlandlela ukuze uqinisekise ikhwalithi yayo ezinzile futhi enokwethenjelwa.
(F) Indlela Yokulungisa Yesilungiselelo Esingalungile Sesikhathi Sokugcoba
Lapho isikhathi sokugcoba sepompo likawoyela wesitimela somhlahlandlela sisethwa ngokungalungile, kuyadingeka ukusetha kabusha isikhathi esilungile sokugcoba. Okokuqala, qonda izici zokusebenza nezidingo zokugcoba zethuluzi lomshini, futhi unqume isikhawu sesikhathi sokugcoba esifanele kanye nesikhathi sokugcoba okukodwa ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, isivinini sokusebenza sethuluzi lomshini, kanye nomthwalo. Bese, faka isixhumi esibonakalayo sokusetha ipharamitha yesistimu yokulawula ithuluzi lomshini, thola imingcele ehlobene nesikhathi sokugcoba sephampu kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo, bese wenza izinguquko. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuguqulwa kuqediwe, yenza izivivinyo zangempela zokusebenza, bheka umphumela wokugcoba, futhi wenze izinguquko ezinhle ngokuvumelana nesimo sangempela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi isikhathi sokugcoba sibekwe ngokunengqondo.
Lapho isikhathi sokugcoba sepompo likawoyela wesitimela somhlahlandlela sisethwa ngokungalungile, kuyadingeka ukusetha kabusha isikhathi esilungile sokugcoba. Okokuqala, qonda izici zokusebenza nezidingo zokugcoba zethuluzi lomshini, futhi unqume isikhawu sesikhathi sokugcoba esifanele kanye nesikhathi sokugcoba okukodwa ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, isivinini sokusebenza sethuluzi lomshini, kanye nomthwalo. Bese, faka isixhumi esibonakalayo sokusetha ipharamitha yesistimu yokulawula ithuluzi lomshini, thola imingcele ehlobene nesikhathi sokugcoba sephampu kawoyela wesitimela esiqondisayo, bese wenza izinguquko. Ngemuva kokuthi ukuguqulwa kuqediwe, yenza izivivinyo zangempela zokusebenza, bheka umphumela wokugcoba, futhi wenze izinguquko ezinhle ngokuvumelana nesimo sangempela ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi isikhathi sokugcoba sibekwe ngokunengqondo.
(G) Izinyathelo Zokuxazulula Ukugcwala KwePumpu Yamafutha Okusika
Esimeni lapho umephuli wesifunda ebhokisini likagesi ehamba ngenxa yokugcwala kwephampu kawoyela wokusika, qala uhlole ukuthi ingabe zikhona yini izingxenye zemishini ezibambeke empompini kawoyela wokusika. Isibonelo, hlola ukuthi i-pump shaft ingakwazi yini ukuzungezisa ngokukhululekile nokuthi ingabe i-impeller ibanjwe izinto zangaphandle. Uma izingxenye zemishini zitholakala zibambekile, hlanza izinto zangaphandle ngesikhathi, lungisa noma shintsha izingxenye ezilimele ukuze wenze iphampu ijikeleze ngendlela evamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ukuthi i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika ifanelekile yini. Uma i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika iphezulu kakhulu, kufanele ihlanjululwe noma ishintshwe ngendlela efanele. Ngemva kokuqeda ukwehluleka kwemishini kanye nezinkinga zokusika uketshezi, setha kabusha i-breaker circuit bese uqala kabusha iphampu kawoyela wokusika ukuze ubone ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kujwayelekile yini.
Esimeni lapho umephuli wesifunda ebhokisini likagesi ehamba ngenxa yokugcwala kwephampu kawoyela wokusika, qala uhlole ukuthi ingabe zikhona yini izingxenye zemishini ezibambeke empompini kawoyela wokusika. Isibonelo, hlola ukuthi i-pump shaft ingakwazi yini ukuzungezisa ngokukhululekile nokuthi ingabe i-impeller ibanjwe izinto zangaphandle. Uma izingxenye zemishini zitholakala zibambekile, hlanza izinto zangaphandle ngesikhathi, lungisa noma shintsha izingxenye ezilimele ukuze wenze iphampu ijikeleze ngendlela evamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ukuthi i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika ifanelekile yini. Uma i-viscosity yoketshezi lokusika iphezulu kakhulu, kufanele ihlanjululwe noma ishintshwe ngendlela efanele. Ngemva kokuqeda ukwehluleka kwemishini kanye nezinkinga zokusika uketshezi, setha kabusha i-breaker circuit bese uqala kabusha iphampu kawoyela wokusika ukuze ubone ukuthi ukusebenza kwayo kujwayelekile yini.
(H) Indlela Yokuphatha Yokuvuza Komoya Emajoyini Epompo Lokusika Amafutha
Ngenkinga yokuvuza komoya emalungeni epompo lamafutha okusika, bheka ngokucophelela amalunga lapho kuvuza khona umoya. Hlola ukuthi amalunga axegayo yini. Uma zixega, sebenzisa isikrufu ukuze uziqinise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ukuthi ama-seal asekhulile noma awonakele. Uma izigxivizo zonakalisiwe, zishintshe ufake ezintsha ngesikhathi. Ngemva kokuxhuma kabusha amalunga, sebenzisa amanzi anensipho noma amathuluzi akhethekile okubona ukuvuza ukuze uhlole ukuthi ingabe usekhona yini ukuvuza komoya emalungeni ukuze uqinisekise ukuvaleka kahle.
Ngenkinga yokuvuza komoya emalungeni epompo lamafutha okusika, bheka ngokucophelela amalunga lapho kuvuza khona umoya. Hlola ukuthi amalunga axegayo yini. Uma zixega, sebenzisa isikrufu ukuze uziqinise. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hlola ukuthi ama-seal asekhulile noma awonakele. Uma izigxivizo zonakalisiwe, zishintshe ufake ezintsha ngesikhathi. Ngemva kokuxhuma kabusha amalunga, sebenzisa amanzi anensipho noma amathuluzi akhethekile okubona ukuvuza ukuze uhlole ukuthi ingabe usekhona yini ukuvuza komoya emalungeni ukuze uqinisekise ukuvaleka kahle.
(I) Izinyathelo Zesixazululo Zokulimala Kwevaluvu Yendlela Eyodwa Yephampu Yamafutha Okusika
Hlola ukuthi i-valve yendlela eyodwa yepompo kawoyela wokusika ivinjiwe noma yonakele. I-valve yendlela eyodwa ingasuswa futhi ihlolwe ukuthi ingabe i-valve core inganyakaza ngokuguquguqukayo nokuthi isihlalo se-valve sivalwe kahle yini. Uma i-valve yendlela eyodwa itholakala ivinjiwe, ukungcola kungasuswa ngomoya ocindezelwe noma ama-agent okuhlanza; uma i-valve core igugile noma isihlalo se-valve sonakalisiwe, i-valve yendlela eyodwa entsha kufanele ishintshwe. Uma ufaka i-valve yendlela eyodwa, naka isiqondiso sayo sokufaka esilungile ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ingakwazi ukulawula ukugeleza okukodwa koketshezi lokusika.
Hlola ukuthi i-valve yendlela eyodwa yepompo kawoyela wokusika ivinjiwe noma yonakele. I-valve yendlela eyodwa ingasuswa futhi ihlolwe ukuthi ingabe i-valve core inganyakaza ngokuguquguqukayo nokuthi isihlalo se-valve sivalwe kahle yini. Uma i-valve yendlela eyodwa itholakala ivinjiwe, ukungcola kungasuswa ngomoya ocindezelwe noma ama-agent okuhlanza; uma i-valve core igugile noma isihlalo se-valve sonakalisiwe, i-valve yendlela eyodwa entsha kufanele ishintshwe. Uma ufaka i-valve yendlela eyodwa, naka isiqondiso sayo sokufaka esilungile ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ingakwazi ukulawula ukugeleza okukodwa koketshezi lokusika.
(J) Uhlelo Lwempendulo Yesekethe Emfishane Ekhoyili Yemoto Yephampu Yamafutha Okusika
Lapho kutholwa isifunda esifushane kukhoyili yemoto yephampu kawoyela wokusika, injini yepompo kawoyela yokusika kufanele ishintshwe ngesikhathi. Ngaphambi kokufaka injini esikhundleni, qala unqamule ukunikezwa kwamandla kwethuluzi lomshini ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kokusebenza. Bese ukhetha futhi uthenge injini entsha efanelekile ngokuya ngemodeli kanye nezici zemoto. Lapho ufaka injini entsha, naka indawo yayo yokufaka kanye nendlela yokufaka izintambo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi injini ifakwe ngokuqinile futhi izintambo zilungile. Ngemva kokufaka, yenza ukulungisa iphutha nokusebenza kwesilingo semoto, futhi uhlole ukuthi ingabe amapharamitha anjengendlela yokuzungeza, isivinini sokuzungeza, kanye namandla emoto ajwayelekile.
Lapho kutholwa isifunda esifushane kukhoyili yemoto yephampu kawoyela wokusika, injini yepompo kawoyela yokusika kufanele ishintshwe ngesikhathi. Ngaphambi kokufaka injini esikhundleni, qala unqamule ukunikezwa kwamandla kwethuluzi lomshini ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kokusebenza. Bese ukhetha futhi uthenge injini entsha efanelekile ngokuya ngemodeli kanye nezici zemoto. Lapho ufaka injini entsha, naka indawo yayo yokufaka kanye nendlela yokufaka izintambo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi injini ifakwe ngokuqinile futhi izintambo zilungile. Ngemva kokufaka, yenza ukulungisa iphutha nokusebenza kwesilingo semoto, futhi uhlole ukuthi ingabe amapharamitha anjengendlela yokuzungeza, isivinini sokuzungeza, kanye namandla emoto ajwayelekile.
(K) Indlela Yokulungisa Yendlela Ehlehlayo Yokuzungezisa Injini Yephampu Yamafutha Okusika
Uma kutholakala ukuthi isiqondiso sokujikeleza se-motor yepompo yokusika amafutha siphambene, qala uhlole ukuthi i-wiring ye-motor ilungile yini. Hlola ukuthi ukuxhunywa kwezintambo zikagesi kuyahlangabezana yini nezidingo ngokubhekisela kumdwebo wezintambo zenjini. Uma kukhona amaphutha, walungise ngesikhathi. Uma i-wiring ilungile kodwa i-motor isazungeza ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungase kube nephutha ohlelweni lokulawula, futhi ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo nokulungiswa kwesistimu yokulawula kuyadingeka. Ngemuva kokulungisa isiqondiso sokujikeleza kwemoto, yenza ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwepompo likawoyela wokusika ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ingasebenza ngokujwayelekile.
Uma kutholakala ukuthi isiqondiso sokujikeleza se-motor yepompo yokusika amafutha siphambene, qala uhlole ukuthi i-wiring ye-motor ilungile yini. Hlola ukuthi ukuxhunywa kwezintambo zikagesi kuyahlangabezana yini nezidingo ngokubhekisela kumdwebo wezintambo zenjini. Uma kukhona amaphutha, walungise ngesikhathi. Uma i-wiring ilungile kodwa i-motor isazungeza ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungase kube nephutha ohlelweni lokulawula, futhi ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo nokulungiswa kwesistimu yokulawula kuyadingeka. Ngemuva kokulungisa isiqondiso sokujikeleza kwemoto, yenza ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwepompo likawoyela wokusika ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ingasebenza ngokujwayelekile.
III. Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile kanye Namaphuzu Okusebenza Ohlelo Lokugcoba Ezikhungweni Zomshini
(A) Ukulawulwa komjovo kawoyela weSekethe kawoyela enezinsimbi ezigcina ingcindezi
Ngomjikelezo kawoyela usebenzisa izingxenye zengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi, kuyadingeka ukuqapha ngokucophelela i-gauge yengcindezi kawoyela empompini yamafutha ngesikhathi sokujova uwoyela. Njengoba isikhathi sokugcoba sikhuphuka, ukucindezela kwamafutha kuzokhuphuka kancane kancane, futhi ukucindezela kwamafutha kufanele kulawulwe ngaphakathi kwebanga le-200 - 250. Uma ukucindezela kwamafutha kuphansi kakhulu, kungase kubangelwa izizathu ezifana nokuvinjelwa kwesikrini sokuhlunga emgodleni wepompo, ukuvuza kwesifunda samafutha noma ukwehluleka kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqhuba 排查 kanye nezixazululo ezishiwo ngenhla ngokusho kwesixazululo; uma umfutho kawoyela uphakeme kakhulu, ipayipi likawoyela lingase lithwale ukucindezela okukhulu nokuqhuma. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela isebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi uyilungise noma uyishintshe uma kunesidingo. Umthamo wokunikezwa kwamafutha wale ngxenye yengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi inqunywa isakhiwo sayo, futhi inani lamafutha ampontshwa ngesikhathi esisodwa lihlobene nobukhulu bengxenye yokucindezela kunesikhathi sokugcoba. Lapho ingcindezi kawoyela ifinyelela ezingeni elijwayelekile, ingxenye yokucindezela izokhama amafutha epayipini likawoyela ukuze kuzuzwe ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini.
Ngomjikelezo kawoyela usebenzisa izingxenye zengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi, kuyadingeka ukuqapha ngokucophelela i-gauge yengcindezi kawoyela empompini yamafutha ngesikhathi sokujova uwoyela. Njengoba isikhathi sokugcoba sikhuphuka, ukucindezela kwamafutha kuzokhuphuka kancane kancane, futhi ukucindezela kwamafutha kufanele kulawulwe ngaphakathi kwebanga le-200 - 250. Uma ukucindezela kwamafutha kuphansi kakhulu, kungase kubangelwa izizathu ezifana nokuvinjelwa kwesikrini sokuhlunga emgodleni wepompo, ukuvuza kwesifunda samafutha noma ukwehluleka kwe-valve yokucindezela uwoyela, futhi kuyadingeka ukuqhuba 排查 kanye nezixazululo ezishiwo ngenhla ngokusho kwesixazululo; uma umfutho kawoyela uphakeme kakhulu, ipayipi likawoyela lingase lithwale ukucindezela okukhulu nokuqhuma. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ukuthi i-valve yokucindezela uwoyela isebenza ngokujwayelekile futhi uyilungise noma uyishintshe uma kunesidingo. Umthamo wokunikezwa kwamafutha wale ngxenye yengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi inqunywa isakhiwo sayo, futhi inani lamafutha ampontshwa ngesikhathi esisodwa lihlobene nobukhulu bengxenye yokucindezela kunesikhathi sokugcoba. Lapho ingcindezi kawoyela ifinyelela ezingeni elijwayelekile, ingxenye yokucindezela izokhama amafutha epayipini likawoyela ukuze kuzuzwe ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zethuluzi lomshini.
(B) Ukumiswa Kwesikhathi Sokugcotshwa Kwesekethe Yamafutha Yezingxenye Ezingagcini Ingcindezi
Uma isifunda samafutha sesikhungo somshini singeyona ingxenye yengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi, isikhathi sokugcoba sidinga ukusetha ngokwakho ngokusho kwesimo esithile sethuluzi lomshini. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokugcoba esisodwa singasethwa cishe imizuzwana engu-15, futhi isikhawu sokugcoba siphakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 nengama-40. Kodwa-ke, uma ithuluzi lomshini linesakhiwo sesitimela esiqinile, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokungqubuzana okukhulu kukaloliwe oqinile kanye nezidingo eziphakeme zokuthambisa, isikhawu sokufaka uwoyela kufanele sifinyezwe ngokufanelekile sibe imizuzu engaba ngu-20 - 30. Uma isikhathi sokugcoba amafutha siside kakhulu, ukugqoka kwepulasitiki ebusweni besitimela esiqinile kungase kushiswe ngenxa yokugcoba okunganele, okuthinta ukunemba nokuphila kwesevisi yethuluzi lomshini. Lapho usetha isikhathi sokugcoba nokuphumula, izici ezifana nendawo yokusebenza kanye nomthwalo wokucubungula wethuluzi lomshini nazo kufanele zicatshangelwe, futhi ukulungiswa okufanele kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngomphumela wangempela wokuthambisa.
Uma isifunda samafutha sesikhungo somshini singeyona ingxenye yengcindezi yokugcina ingcindezi, isikhathi sokugcoba sidinga ukusetha ngokwakho ngokusho kwesimo esithile sethuluzi lomshini. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokugcoba esisodwa singasethwa cishe imizuzwana engu-15, futhi isikhawu sokugcoba siphakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 nengama-40. Kodwa-ke, uma ithuluzi lomshini linesakhiwo sesitimela esiqinile, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokungqubuzana okukhulu kukaloliwe oqinile kanye nezidingo eziphakeme zokuthambisa, isikhawu sokufaka uwoyela kufanele sifinyezwe ngokufanelekile sibe imizuzu engaba ngu-20 - 30. Uma isikhathi sokugcoba amafutha siside kakhulu, ukugqoka kwepulasitiki ebusweni besitimela esiqinile kungase kushiswe ngenxa yokugcoba okunganele, okuthinta ukunemba nokuphila kwesevisi yethuluzi lomshini. Lapho usetha isikhathi sokugcoba nokuphumula, izici ezifana nendawo yokusebenza kanye nomthwalo wokucubungula wethuluzi lomshini nazo kufanele zicatshangelwe, futhi ukulungiswa okufanele kufanele kwenziwe ngokuya ngomphumela wangempela wokuthambisa.
Sengiphetha, ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwephampu kawoyela esikhungweni somshini kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwethuluzi lomshini. Ukuqonda izimbangela zokuhluleka kwephampu kawoyela evamile kanye nezixazululo zazo, kanye nokuqonda izidingo ezikhethekile kanye nezindawo zokusebenza zesistimu yokugcoba esikhungweni somshini, kungasiza abasebenza ngomshini ukuphatha ukwehluleka kwephampu kawoyela ngesikhathi nangendlela ephumelelayo ekukhiqizeni kwansuku zonke, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwesikhungo somshini, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi kunciphise izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukugcinwa okuvamile kwephampu kawoyela kanye nesistimu yokugcoba esikhungweni semishini, njengokuhlola izinga likawoyela, ukuhlanza isikrini sokuhlunga, nokushintsha izimpawu, nakho kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuvimbela ukwehluleka kwepompo likawoyela. Ngokuphathwa nokugcinwa kwesayensi, isikhungo somshini singahlala sisesimweni esihle sokusebenza, sinikeza ukusekelwa kwemishini enamandla ekukhiqizeni nasekukhiqizeni amabhizinisi.
Emsebenzini wangempela, lapho ubhekene nokwehluleka kwephampu kawoyela esikhungweni semishini, izisebenzi zokunakekela kufanele zihlale zizolile futhi zenze ukuxilongwa kwephutha nokulungisa ngokuvumelana nesimiso sokuqala ngokulula bese kuba nzima futhi kancane kancane ukwenza uphenyo. Ngokuqhubekayo buthelela ulwazi, bathuthukise izinga labo lobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokuphatha amaphutha ukuze babhekane nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuhluleka kwephampu kawoyela. Kungale ndlela kuphela isikhungo somshini singadlala ngempumelelo yaso enkulu emkhakheni wokucubungula imishini futhi sidale izinzuzo ezinkulu zezomnotho zamabhizinisi.